Part I. The Ecumenical Patriarchate: 1. The Byzantine commonwealth 1000-1500 Jonathan Shepard; 2. Byzantium and the West 1204-1453 Michael Angold; 3. The culture of lay piety in medieval Byzantium 1054-1453 Sharon E. J. Gerstel and Alice-Mary Talbot; 4. The rise of Hesychasm Dirk Krausmüller; 5. Art and liturgy in the later Byzantine Empire Nancy Šev¿enko; 6. Mount Athos and the Ottomans 1350-1550 Elizabeth A. Zachariadou; 7. The Great Church in captivity 1453-1586 Elizabeth A. Zachariadou; 8. Orthodoxy and the West: Reformation to Enlightenment Paschalis M. Kitromilides; 9. Bars'ky and the Orthodox community Alexander Grishin; 10. The legacy of the French Revolution: Orthodoxy and Nationalism Paschalis M. Kitromilides; Part II. The Russian Church: 11. The Russian church: the first centuries 1000-1400 Stephen Rowell; 12. Russian piety and Orthodox culture 1380-1589 Stella Rock; 13. Art and liturgy in Russia: Rublev and his successors Lindsey Hughes; 14. Eastern Orthodoxy in Russia and Ukraine in the age of counter-Reformation Robert O. Crummey; 15. The Russian Orthodox church in Imperial Russia 1721-1917 Simon Dixon; 16. Russian piety and culture from Peter the Great to 1917 Chris Chulos; Part III. Eastern Christianities: 17. East Christianities (11th-14th centuries): Copts, Melkites, Nestorians and Jacobites Françoise Micheau; 18. The Armenians in the era of the Crusades (1050-1350) S. Peter Cowe; 19. Church and Diaspora: the case of the Armenians S. Peter Cowe; 20. Church and nation: the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwahedo church (from the 13th to the 20th century) Donald Crummey; 21. Coptic Christianity in modern Egypt Anthony O'Mahony; 22. Syriac Christianity in the modern Middle East Anthony O'Mahony; Part IV. The Modern World: 23. Diaspora problems of the Russian emigration Sergei Hackel; 24. The Orthodox church and Communism Michael Bourdeaux and Alexandru Popescu; 25. Modern spirituality and the Orthodox church John Binns.