This volume reveals the hidden archaeological history of Colombia's first inhabitants from the Ice Age through the Middle Holocene. It documents their extraordinary achievements as they settled and adapted to diverse and challenging environments, highlighting key developments including landscape management, plant domestication, mortuary traditions and social ritual, ceramic production, long-distance mobility and navigation, and the creation of rock art traditions-many of which continue to shape Indigenous communities today.

Drawing on decades of archaeological research that until now has been scattered across more inaccessible publications, the book provides the first comprehensive synthesis of Colombia's earliest human history. It brings together archaeological, paleoenvironmental, and bioarchaeological evidence to reconstruct how these societies responded to climatic change, ecological diversity, and demographic expansion during a key period of continental peopling and cultural transformation. It is organized around three interconnected analytical perspectives: spatio-temporal reconstruction of migration, settlement, and chronological frameworks; an examination of human adaptability through subsistence practices, technological innovation, and the active transformation of landscapes; and an exploration of early Colombian societies' symbolic and ideological worlds through material culture, mortuary practices, rock art, and ethnographic analogy. Archaeological data are presented alongside critical interpretation, enabling readers to understand both the evidence and the broader implications of current research, positioning Colombia as a pivotal region for understanding early human expansion, cultural diversification, and the emergence of complex social traditions in the Americas.

Written in an accessible yet scholarly style, The Archaeology of Ancient Colombia is intended for students and researchers in archaeology, anthropology, history, and related disciplines. It is particularly well suited for courses on early human migration, hunter- gatherer adaptations, tropical and highland archaeology, environmental change, and the long- term development of social complexity in the Americas.