Foreword Judith J. Tintinalli; Preface Alyson J. McGregor; 1. Know the difference: sex and gender in acute care medicine Alyson J. McGregor and Esther K. Choo; 2. It's not all chest pain: sex and gender in acute care cardiology Morgan Soffler, Alyson J. McGregor and Basmah Safdar; 3. You've come a long way, baby: the effects of sex and gender on asthma, COPD, smoking and smoking cessation Stacey Poznanski and Rita Cydulka; 4. Sex and gender-specific differences in alcohol and drug use among patients seeking treatment in the acute care setting Esther K. Choo, Marna Greenberg and Grace Chang; 5. Sex and gender; pharmacology, efficacy, toxicity and toxicology Annette Lopez and Robert G. Hendrickson; 6. A sex and gender based perspective on traumatic injury Jason Cohen, Stefan Merrill and Federico Vaca; 7. Sex and gender differences in the presentation and treatment of cerebrovascular emergencies Tracy Madsen and Karen Furie; 8. From Title IX to the Q angle: sex and gender in acute care orthopedics and sports medicine Neha Raukar and Kimberly Templeton; 9. Are women more sensitive? Sex and gender differences in pain perception, clinical evaluation and treatment James Miner; 10. Digesting sex and gender: gastroenterology David J. Desilets; 11. Overcoming resistance: importance of sex and gender in acute infectious illnesses Erica Hardy, Mitchell Kosanovich and Arvind Venkat; 12. Diagnostic imaging: focusing a lens on sex and gender Christopher L. Moore; 13. Special populations: 13A. Old, not neutered: a sex and gender-based approach to the acute care of elders Elena Kapilevich and Bruce Becker; 13B. Girls and boys: sex and gender in pediatrics Therese L. Canares, Marleny Franco and George M. Lazarus; 13C. Acute medical care for the transgender patient Elizabeth Samuels and Michelle Forcier; 14. Sex and gender in medical education: the next chapter Marjorie R. Jenkins.