German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer was born in 1788 and died on September 21, 1860. Although Schopenhauer's work received little attention while he was alive, it had an influence on several fields after his death, including science, literature, and philosophy. Numerous writers and artists have been impacted by his writing on psychology, ethics, and aesthetics. At the age of 88, Arthur Schopenhauer passed away in Paris in 1848. He was born in Danzig, Germany, in 1788 on Heiligegeistgasse. He was the son of Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer (1747-1805) and Johanna Schopenhauer (née Trosiener; 1766-1838), who were both descended from affluent German-Dutch aristocratic families. Arthur was brought to Le Havre in 1797 to live with Grégoire de Blésimaire's family, a business acquaintance of his father's. In 1811-1812, Schopenhauer studied philosophy at the recently established University of Berlin. Schopenhauer periodically mentioned his wish to get married and start a family when he was living in Berlin. He had an on-and-off relationship with Caroline Richter, who had had numerous lovers and a son out of wedlock. After arriving in Frankfurt, he went through a depressive episode and his health deteriorated. He passed away at home, seated on his sofa, on September 21, 1860, from pulmonary-respiratory failure. He passed away at the age of 72, and a Lutheran preacher officiated at his funeral.

Volume 2: Introduction; Supplements to the First Book; First half: the doctrine of intuitive representation; 1. On the fundamental view of idealism; 2. On the doctrine of intuitive cognition, or cognition based in the understanding; 3. Concerning the senses; 4. On cognition a priori; Second half: the doctrine of abstract representation, or thinking; 5. On the intellect in the absence of reason; 6. On the doctrine of abstract or rational cognition; 7. On the relation of intuitive to abstract cognition; 8. On the theory of the comical; 9. On logic in general; 10. On the study of syllogisms; 11. On rhetoric; 12. On the doctrine of science; 13. On the doctrine of method in mathematics; 14. On the association of ideas; 15. On the essential imperfections of the intellect; 16. On the practical use of reason and Stoicism; 17. On humanity's metaphysical need; Supplements to the Second Book; 18. On the possibility of cognizing the thing in itself; 19. On the primacy of the will in self-consciousness; 20. Objectivation of the will in the animal organism; 21. Review and more general considerations; 22. Objective view of the intellect; 23. On the objectivation of the will in nature devoid of cognition; 24. On matter; 25. Transcendent considerations concerning the will as thing in itself; 26. On teleology; 27. On instinct and creative drive; 28. Characterization of the will to life; Supplements to the Third Book; 29. On the cognition of the Ideas; 30. On the pure subject of cognition; 31. On genius; 32. On madness; 33. Isolated remarks concerning natural beauty; 34. On the inner essence of art; 35. On the aesthetics of architecture; 36. Isolated remarks on the aesthetics of the visual arts; 37. On the aesthetics of literature; 38. On history; 39. On the metaphysics of music; Supplements to the Fourth Book; 40. Preface; 41. On death and its relation to the indestructibility of our essence in itself; 42. Life of the species; 43. The heritability of traits; 44. Metaphysics of sexual love; 45. On the affirmation of the will to life; 46. On the nothingness and suffering of life; 47. On ethics; 48. On the doctrine of the negation of the will to life; 49. The way to salvation; 50. Epiphilosophy.