RICHARD CHI-HSI LI has more than twenty years experience with RF circuit design and has worked for companies such as Motorola, Texas Instruments, and RCA. Professor Li has taught many courses and given more than sixty lectures on RF circuit design in recent years.

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xix

PART 1 DESIGN TECHNOLOGIES AND SKILLS 1

1 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RF AND DIGITAL CIRCUIT DESIGN 3

1.1 Controversy 3

1.2 Difference of RF and Digital Block in a Communication System 6

1.3 Conclusions 9

1.4 Notes for High-Speed Digital Circuit Design 9

Further Reading 10

Exercises 11

Answers 11

2 REFLECTION AND SELF-INTERFERENCE 15

2.1 Introduction 15

2.2 Voltage Delivered from a Source to a Load 16

2.3 Power Delivered from a Source to a Load 23

2.4 Impedance Conjugate Matching 33

2.5 Additional Effect of Impedance Matching 42

Appendices 51

2.A.1 VSWR and Other Reflection and Transmission Coefficients 51

2.A.2 Relationships between Power (dBm), Voltage (V), and Power (W) 58

Reference 58

Further Reading 58

Exercises 59

Answers 59

3 IMPEDANCE MATCHING IN THE NARROW-BAND CASE 61

3.1 Introduction 61

3.2 Impedance Matching by Means of Return Loss Adjustment 63

3.3 Impedance Matching Network Built by One Part 68

3.4 Impedance Matching Network Built by Two Parts 74

3.5 Impedance Matching Network Built By Three Parts 84

3.6 Impedance Matching When ZS Or ZL Is Not 50 85

3.7 Parts In An Impedance Matching Network 93

Appendices 94

3.A.1 Fundamentals of the Smith Chart 94

3.A.2 Formula for Two-Part Impedance Matching Network 99

3.A.3 Topology Limitations of the Two-Part Impedance Matching Network 110

3.A.4 Topology Limitation of Three Parts Impedance Matching Network 114

3.A.5 Conversion between and T Type Matching Network 122

3.A.6 Possible and T Impedance Matching Networks 124

Reference 124

Further Reading 124

Exercises 125

Answers 127

4 IMPEDANCE MATCHING IN THE WIDEBAND CASE 131

4.1 Appearance of Narrow and Wideband Return Loss on a Smith Chart 131

4.2 Impedance Variation Due to the Insertion of One Part Per Arm or Per Branch 136

4.3 Impedance Variation Due to the Insertion of Two Parts Per Arm or Per Branch 145

4.4 Partial Impedance Matching for an IQ (in Phase Quadrature) Modulator in a UWB (Ultra Wide Band) System 151

4.5 Discussion of Passive Wideband Impedance Matching Network 174

Further Reading 179

Exercises 179

Answers 180

5 IMPEDANCE AND GAIN OF A RAW DEVICE 181

5.1 Introduction 181

5.2 Miller Effect 183

5.3 Small-Signal Model of a Bipolar Transistor 187

5.4 Bipolar Transistor with CE (Common Emitter) Configuration 190

5.5 Bipolar Transistor with CB (Common Base) Configuration 204

5.6 Bipolar Transistor with CC (Common Collector) Configuration 214

5.7 Small-Signal Model of a MOSFET 221

5.8 Similarity Between a Bipolar Transistor and a MOSFET 225

5.9 MOSFET with CS (Common Source) Configuration 235

5.10 MOSFET with CG (Common Gate) Configuration 244

5.11 MOSFET with CD (Common Drain) Configuration 249

5.12 Comparison of Transistor Configuration of Single-stage Amplifiers with Different Configurations 252

Further Reading 256

Exercises 256

Answers 256

6 IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT 259

6.1 Introduction 259

6.2 Scalar and Vector Voltage Measurement 260

6.3 Direct Impedance Measurement by a Network Analyzer 263

6.4 Alternative Impedance Measurement by Network Analyzer 272

6.5 Impedance Measurement Using a Circulator 276

Appendices 277

6.A.1 Relationship Between the Impedance in Series and in Parallel 277

Further Reading 278

Exercises 278

Answers 279

7 GROUNDING 281

7.1 Implication of Grounding 281

7.2 Possible Grounding Problems Hidden in a Schematic 283

7.3 Imperfect or Inappropriate Grounding Examples 284

7.4 'Zero' Capacitor 290

7.5 Quarter Wavelength of Microstrip Line 300

Appendices 309

7.A.1 Characterizing of Chip Capacitor and Chip Inductor by Means of S21 Testing 309

7.A.2 Characterizing of Chip Resistor by Means of S11 of S22

Testing 319

Reference 321

Further Reading 322

Exercises 322

Answers 323

8 EQUIPOTENTIALITY AND CURRENT COUPLING ON THE GROUND SURFACE 325

8.1 Equipotentiality on the Ground Surface 325

8.2 Forward and Return Current Coupling 335

8.3 PCB or IC Chip with Multimetallic Layers 344

Further Reading 346

Exercises 346

Answers 347

9 LAYOUT 349

9.1 Difference in Layout between an Individual Block and a System 349

9.2 Primary Considerations of a PCB 350

9.3 Layout of a PCB for Testing 352

9.4 VIA Modeling 355

9.5 Runner 360

9.6 Parts 369

9.7 Free Space 371

References 373

Further Reading 373

Exercises 373

Answers 374

10 MANUFACTURABILITY OF PRODUCT DESIGN 377

10.1 Introduction 377

10.2 Implication of 6sigma Design 379

10.3 Approaching 6sigma Design 383

10.4 Monte Carlo Analysis 386

Appendices 392

10.A.1 Fundamentals of Random Process 392

10.A.2 Index Cp and Cpk Applied in 6sigma Design 398

10.A.3 Table of the Normal Distribution 398

Further Reading 398

Exercises 399

Answers 399

11 RFIC (RADIO FREQUENCY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT) 401

11.1 Interference and Isolation 401

11.2 Shielding for an RF Module by a Metallic Shielding Box 403

11.3 Strong Desirability to Develop RFIC 405

11.4 Interference going along IC Substrate Path 406

11.5 Solution for Interference Coming from Sky 411

11.6 Common Grounding Rules for RF Module and RFIC Design 412

11.7 Bottlenecks in RFIC Design 414

11.8 Calculating of Quarter Wavelength 420

Reference 423

Further Reading 423

Exercises 424

Answers 425

PART 2 RF SYSTEM 427

12 MAIN PARAMETERS AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS IN RF CIRCUIT DESIGN 429

12.1 Introduction 429

12.2 Power Gain 431

12.3 Noise 441

12.4 Nonlinearity 453

12.5 Other Parameters 480

12.6 Example of RF System Analysis 482

Appendices 485

12.A.1 Conversion between Watts, Volts, and dBm in a System with 50 Input and Output Impedance 485

12.A.2 Relationship between voltage reflection coefficient, and Transmission coefficients when the load Ro is equal to the standard characteristic resistance, 50) 485

12.A.3 Definition of Powers in a Two-Port Block by Signal Flow Graph 488

12.A.4 Main Noise Sources 489

References 491

Further Reading 491

Exercises 493

Answers 494

13 SPECIALITY OF ''ZERO IF'' SYSTEM 501

13.1 Why Differential Pair? 501

13.2 Can DC Offset be Blocked out by a Capacitor? 508

13.3 Chopping Mixer 511

13.4 DC Offset Cancellation by Calibration 516

13.5 Remark on DC Offset Cancellation 517

Further Reading 517

Exercises 518

Answers 519

14 DIFFERENTIAL PAIRS 521

14.1 Fundamentals of Differential Pairs 521

14.2 CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio) 533

Reference 542

Further Reading 542

Exercises 542

Answers 543

15 RF BALUN 547

15.1 Introduction 547

15.2 Transformer Balun 549

15.3 LC Balun 571

15.4 Microstrip Line Balun 580

15.5 Mixing Type of Balun 583

Appendices 586

15.A.1 Transformer Balun Built by Two Stacked Transformers 586

15.A.2 Analysis of a Simple LC Balun 588

15.A.3 Example of Calculating of L and C Values for a Simple LC Balun 592

15.A.4 Equivalence of Parts between Single-Ended and Differential Pair with Respect to a Simple LC Balun 592

15.A.5 Some Useful Couplers 602

15.A.6 Cable Balun 603

Reference 604

Further Reading 604

Exercises 605

Answers 606

16 SOC (SYSTEM-ON-A-CHIP) AND NEXT 611

16.1 SOC 611

16.2 What is Next 612

Appendices 615

16.A.1 Packaging 615

References 621

Further Reading 622

Exercises 622

Answers 623

PART 3 INDIVIDUAL RF BLOCKS 625

17 LNA (LOW-NOISE AMPLIFIER) 627

17.1 Introduction 627

17.2 Single-Ended Single Device LNA 628

17.3 Single-Ended Cascode LNA 662

17.4 LNA with AGC (Automatic Gain Control) 684

References 690

Further Reading 690

Exercises 691

Answers 692

18 MIXER 695

18.1 Introduction 695

18.2 Passive Mixer 698

18.3 Active Mixer 706

18.4 Design Schemes 717

Appendices 723

18.A.1 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions 723

18.A.2 Implementation of tanh.1 Block 724

References 726

Further Reading 726

Exercises 726

Answers 727

19 TUNABLE FILTER 731

19.1 Tunable Filter in A Communication System 731

19.2 Coupling between two Tank Circuits 733

19.3 Circuit Description 738

19.4 Effect of Second Coupling 739

19.5 Performance 743

Further Reading 746

Exercises 747

Answers 747

20 VCO (VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR) 749

20.1 "Three-Point" Types of Oscillator 749

20.2 Other Single-Ended Oscillators 755

20.3 VCO and PLL (Phase Lock Loop) 759

20.4 Design Example of a Single-Ended VCO 769

20.5 Differential VCO and Quad-Phases VCO 778

Reference 783

Further Reading 783

Exercises 784

Answers 784

21 PA (POWER AMPLIFIER) 789

21.1 Classification of PA 789

21.2 Single-Ended PA 794

21.3 Single-Ended PA IC Design 798

21.4 Push-Pull PA Design 799

21.5 PA with Temperature Compensation 822

21.6 PA with Output Power Control 823

21.7 Linear PA 824

References 828

Further Reading 828

Exercises 829

Answers 829

INDEX 833