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Requirements engineering (RE) deals with the variety of prerequisites that must be met by a software system within an organization in order for that system to produce stellar results. With that explanation in mind, this must-have book presents a disciplined approach to the engineering of high-quality requirements. Serving as a helpful introduction to the fundamental concepts and principles of requirements engineering, this guide offers a comprehensive review of the aim, scope, and role of requirements engineering as well as best practices and flaws to avoid.
* Shares state-of-the-art techniques for domain analysis, requirements elicitation, risk analysis, conflict management, and more
* Features in-depth treatment of system modeling in the specific context of engineering requirements
* Presents various forms of reasoning about models for requirements quality assurance
* Discusses the transitions from requirements to software specifications to software architecture
In addition, case studies are included that complement the many examples provided in the book in order to show you how the described method and techniques are applied in practical situations.
Requirements engineering (RE) deals with the variety of prerequisites that must be met by a software system within an organization in order for that system to produce stellar results. With that explanation in mind, this must-have book presents a disciplined approach to the engineering of high-quality requirements. Serving as a helpful introduction to the fundamental concepts and principles of requirements engineering, this guide offers a comprehensive review of the aim, scope, and role of requirements engineering as well as best practices and flaws to avoid.
* Shares state-of-the-art techniques for domain analysis, requirements elicitation, risk analysis, conflict management, and more
* Features in-depth treatment of system modeling in the specific context of engineering requirements
* Presents various forms of reasoning about models for requirements quality assurance
* Discusses the transitions from requirements to software specifications to software architecture
In addition, case studies are included that complement the many examples provided in the book in order to show you how the described method and techniques are applied in practical situations.
Foreword xvii
Preface xxi
Part I Fundamentals of Requirements Engineering 1
1 Setting the Scene 3
1.1 What is requirements engineering? 3
1.1.1 The problem world and the machine solution 4
1.1.2 Introducing our running case studies 6
1.1.3 The WHY, WHAT and WHO dimensions of requirements engineering 12
1.1.4 Types of statements involved in requirements engineering 17
1.1.5 Categories of requirements 23
1.1.6 The requirements lifecycle: Processes, actors and products 30
1.1.7 Target qualities and defects to avoid 35
1.1.8 Types of software projects 40
1.1.9 Requirements in the software lifecycle 42
1.1.10 The relationship of requirements engineering to other disciplines 45
1.2 Why engineer requirements? 47
1.2.1 Facts, data and citations about the requirements problem 47
1.2.2 The role and stakes of requirements engineering 51
1.3 Obstacles to good requirements engineering practice 52
1.4 Agile development processes and requirements engineering 53
Summary 55
Notes and Further Reading 56
Exercises 58
2 Domain Understanding and Requirements Elicitation 61
2.1 Identifying stakeholders and interacting with them 62
2.2 Artefact-driven elicitation techniques 64
2.2.1 Background study 64
2.2.2 Data collection 65
2.2.3 Questionnaires 65
2.2.4 Repertory grids and card sorts for concept-driven acquisition 66
2.2.5 Storyboards and scenarios for problem world exploration 67
2.2.6 Mock-ups and prototypes for early feedback 70
2.2.7 Knowledge reuse 72
2.3 Stakeholder-driven elicitation techniques 76
2.3.1 Interviews 77
2.3.2 Observation and ethnographic studies 79
2.3.3 Group sessions 80
2.4 Conclusion 81
Summary 82
Notes and Further Reading 84
Exercises 85
3 Requirements Evaluation 87
3.1 Inconsistency management 88
3.1.1 Types of inconsistency 88
3.1.2 Handling inconsistencies 89
3.1.3 Managing conflicts: A systematic process 90
3.2 Risk analysis 93
3.2.1 Types of risk 94
3.2.2 Risk management 95
3.2.3 Risk documentation 101
3.2.4 Integrating risk management in the requirements lifecycle 102
3.3 Evaluating alternative options for decision making 105
3.4 Requirements prioritization 108
3.5 Conclusion 112
Summary 113
Notes and Further Reading 114
Exercises 116
4 Requirements Specification and Documentation 119
4.1 Free documentation in unrestricted natural language 120
4.2 Disciplined documentation in structured natural language 121
4.2.1 Local rules on writing statements 121
4.2.2 Global rules on organizing the requirements document 124
4.3 Use of diagrammatic notations 127
4.3.1 System scope: context, problem and frame diagrams 127
4.3.2 Conceptual structures: entity-relationship diagrams 130
4.3.3 Activities and data: SADT diagrams 133
4.3.4 Information flows: dataflow diagrams 134
4.3.5 System operations: use case diagrams 136
4.3.6 Interaction scenarios: event trace diagrams 136
4.3.7 System behaviours: state machine diagrams 138
4.3.8 Stimuli and responses: R-net diagrams 142
4.3.9 Integrating multiple system views and multiview specification in UML 142
4.3.10 Diagrammatic notations: Strengths and limitations 144
4.4 Formal specification 145
4.4.1 Logic as a basis for formalizing statements 146
4.4.2 History-based specification 151
4.4.3 State-based specification 155
4.4.4 Event-based specification 163
4.4.5 Algebraic specification 167
4.4.6 Other specification paradigms 172
4.4.7 Formal specification: strengths and limitations 173
4.5 Conclusion 174
Summary 176
Notes and Further Reading 179
Exercises 183
5 Requirements Quality Assurance 187
5.1 Requirements inspections and reviews 188
5.1.1 The requirements inspection process 188
5.1.2 Inspection guidelines 190
5.1.3 Requirements inspection checklists 191
5.1.4 Conclusion 195
5.2 Queries on a requirements database 196
5.3 Requirements validation by specification animation 198
5.3.1 Extracting an executable model from the specification 199
5.3.2 Simulating the model 199
5.3.3 Visualizing the simulation 200
5.3.4 Conclusion 200
5.4 Requirements verification through formal checks 202
5.4.1 Language checks 202
5.4.2 Dedicated consistency and completeness checks 203
5.4.3 Model checking 205
5.4.4 Theorem proving 208
5.5 Conclusion 211
Summary 213
Notes and Further Reading 214
Exercises 217
6 Requirements Evolution 219
6.1 The time-space dimensions of evolution: Revisions and variants 220
6.2 Change anticipation 223
6.3 Traceability management for evolution support 225
6.3.1 Traceability links 226
6.3.2 The traceability management process, its benefits and cost 233
6.3.3 Traceability management techniques 237
6.3.4 Determining an adequate cost-benefit trade-off for traceability management 244
6.4 Change control 246
6.4.1 Change initiation 247
6.4.2 Change evaluation and prioritization 248
6.4.3 Change consolidation 249
6.5 Runtime monitoring of requirements and assumptions for dynamic change 249
6.6 Conclusion 251
Summary 252
Notes and Further Reading 254
Exercises 256
7 Goal Orientation in Requirements Engineering 259
7.1 What are goals? 260
7.2 The granularity of goals and their relationship to requirements and assumptions 261
7.3 Goal types and categories 265
7.3.1 Types of goal: behavioural goals vs soft goals 265
7.3.2 Goal categories: Functional vs non-functional goals 269
7.4 The central role of goals in the requirements engineering process 272
7.5 Where are goals coming from? 275
7.6 The relationship of goals to other requirements-related products and processes 276
7.6.1 Goals and scenarios 276
7.6.2 Intentional and operational specifications 277
7.6.3 Goals and use cases 277
7.6.4 Goals and model-checked properties 277
7.6.5 Goal orientation and agent orientation 278
7.6.6 Goal orientation and object orientation 278
7.6.7 Goal orientation and top-down analysis 279
Summary 279
Notes and Further Reading 280
Exercises 283
Part II Building System Models for Requirements Engineering 287
8 Modelling System Objectives with Goal Diagrams 293
8.1 Goal features as model annotations 294
8.2 Goal refinement 297
8.3 Representing conflicts among goals 301
8.4 Connecting the goal model with other system views 302
8.5 Modelling alternative options 303
8.5.1 Alternative goal refinements 304
8.5.2 Alternative responsibility assignments 305
8.6 Goal diagrams as AND/OR graphs 307
8.7 Documenting goal refinements and assignments with annotations 308
8.8 Building goal models: Heuristic rules and reusable patterns 309
8.8.1 Eliciting preliminary goals 309
8.8.2 Identifying goals along refinement branches 311
8.8.3 Delimiting the scope of the goal model 316
8.8.4 Avoiding common pitfalls 317
8.8.5 Reusing refinement patterns 319
8.8.6 Reusing refinement trees associated with goal categories 326
Summary 328
Notes and Further Reading 329
Exercises 331
9 Anticipating What Could Go Wrong: Risk Analysis on Goal Models 335
9.1 Goal obstruction by obstacles 336
9.1.1 What are obstacles? 336
9.1.2 Completeness of a set of obstacles 337
9.1.3 Obstacle categories 338
9.2 Modelling obstacles 339
9.2.1 Obstacle diagrams 339
9.2.2 Conditions on obstacle refinement 341
9.2.3 Bottom-up propagation of obstructions in goal AND-refinements 342
9.2.4 Annotating obstacle diagrams 343
9.3 Obstacle analysis for a more robust goal model 344
9.3.1 Identifying obstacles 344
9.3.2 Evaluating obstacles 349
9.3.3 Resolving obstacles in a modified goal model 349
Summary 353
Notes and Further Reading 355
Exercises 356
10 Modelling Conceptual Objects with Class Diagrams 359
10.1 Representing domain concepts by conceptual objects 360
10.1.1 What are conceptual objects? 360
10.1.2 Object instantiation: classes and current instances 361
10.1.3 Types of conceptual object 362
10.1.4 Object models as UML class diagrams 363
10.1.5 Object features as model annotations 364
10.2 Entities 366
10.3 Associations 366
10.4 Attributes 371
10.5 Built-in associations for structuring object models 373
10.5.1 Object specialization 373
10.5.2 Object aggregation 376
10.6 More on class diagrams 377
10.6.1 Derived attributes and associations 377
10.6.2 OR-associations 378
10.6.3 Ordered associations 379
10.6.4 Associations of associations 379
10.7 Heuristic rules for building object models 380
10.7.1 Deriving pertinent and complete class diagrams from goal diagrams 380
10.7.2 Object or attribute? 384
10.7.3 Entity, association, agent or event? 384
10.7.4 Attribute of a linked object or of the linking association? 385
10.7.5 Aggregation or association? 386
10.7.6 Specializing and generalizing concepts 386
10.7.7 Avoiding common pitfalls 387
...| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2009 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Programmiersprachen |
| Genre: | Informatik |
| Rubrik: | Naturwissenschaften & Technik |
| Medium: | Taschenbuch |
| Inhalt: | ContentsPrefacePart 1: Fundamentals of Requirements EngineeringChapter 1 Setting the SceneChapter 2 Domain Analysis and Requirements ElicitationChapter 3 Requirements EvaluationChapter 4 Requirements Specification and DocumentationChapter 5 Requirements |
| ISBN-13: | 9780470012703 |
| ISBN-10: | 0470012706 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Herstellernummer: | 14501270000 |
| Einband: | Kartoniert / Broschiert |
| Autor: | Lamsweerde, Axel van |
| Hersteller: |
John Wiley & Sons
John Wiley & Sons Inc |
| Maße: | 235 x 193 x 39 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Axel van Lamsweerde |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 09.01.2009 |
| Gewicht: | 1,256 kg |
Foreword xvii
Preface xxi
Part I Fundamentals of Requirements Engineering 1
1 Setting the Scene 3
1.1 What is requirements engineering? 3
1.1.1 The problem world and the machine solution 4
1.1.2 Introducing our running case studies 6
1.1.3 The WHY, WHAT and WHO dimensions of requirements engineering 12
1.1.4 Types of statements involved in requirements engineering 17
1.1.5 Categories of requirements 23
1.1.6 The requirements lifecycle: Processes, actors and products 30
1.1.7 Target qualities and defects to avoid 35
1.1.8 Types of software projects 40
1.1.9 Requirements in the software lifecycle 42
1.1.10 The relationship of requirements engineering to other disciplines 45
1.2 Why engineer requirements? 47
1.2.1 Facts, data and citations about the requirements problem 47
1.2.2 The role and stakes of requirements engineering 51
1.3 Obstacles to good requirements engineering practice 52
1.4 Agile development processes and requirements engineering 53
Summary 55
Notes and Further Reading 56
Exercises 58
2 Domain Understanding and Requirements Elicitation 61
2.1 Identifying stakeholders and interacting with them 62
2.2 Artefact-driven elicitation techniques 64
2.2.1 Background study 64
2.2.2 Data collection 65
2.2.3 Questionnaires 65
2.2.4 Repertory grids and card sorts for concept-driven acquisition 66
2.2.5 Storyboards and scenarios for problem world exploration 67
2.2.6 Mock-ups and prototypes for early feedback 70
2.2.7 Knowledge reuse 72
2.3 Stakeholder-driven elicitation techniques 76
2.3.1 Interviews 77
2.3.2 Observation and ethnographic studies 79
2.3.3 Group sessions 80
2.4 Conclusion 81
Summary 82
Notes and Further Reading 84
Exercises 85
3 Requirements Evaluation 87
3.1 Inconsistency management 88
3.1.1 Types of inconsistency 88
3.1.2 Handling inconsistencies 89
3.1.3 Managing conflicts: A systematic process 90
3.2 Risk analysis 93
3.2.1 Types of risk 94
3.2.2 Risk management 95
3.2.3 Risk documentation 101
3.2.4 Integrating risk management in the requirements lifecycle 102
3.3 Evaluating alternative options for decision making 105
3.4 Requirements prioritization 108
3.5 Conclusion 112
Summary 113
Notes and Further Reading 114
Exercises 116
4 Requirements Specification and Documentation 119
4.1 Free documentation in unrestricted natural language 120
4.2 Disciplined documentation in structured natural language 121
4.2.1 Local rules on writing statements 121
4.2.2 Global rules on organizing the requirements document 124
4.3 Use of diagrammatic notations 127
4.3.1 System scope: context, problem and frame diagrams 127
4.3.2 Conceptual structures: entity-relationship diagrams 130
4.3.3 Activities and data: SADT diagrams 133
4.3.4 Information flows: dataflow diagrams 134
4.3.5 System operations: use case diagrams 136
4.3.6 Interaction scenarios: event trace diagrams 136
4.3.7 System behaviours: state machine diagrams 138
4.3.8 Stimuli and responses: R-net diagrams 142
4.3.9 Integrating multiple system views and multiview specification in UML 142
4.3.10 Diagrammatic notations: Strengths and limitations 144
4.4 Formal specification 145
4.4.1 Logic as a basis for formalizing statements 146
4.4.2 History-based specification 151
4.4.3 State-based specification 155
4.4.4 Event-based specification 163
4.4.5 Algebraic specification 167
4.4.6 Other specification paradigms 172
4.4.7 Formal specification: strengths and limitations 173
4.5 Conclusion 174
Summary 176
Notes and Further Reading 179
Exercises 183
5 Requirements Quality Assurance 187
5.1 Requirements inspections and reviews 188
5.1.1 The requirements inspection process 188
5.1.2 Inspection guidelines 190
5.1.3 Requirements inspection checklists 191
5.1.4 Conclusion 195
5.2 Queries on a requirements database 196
5.3 Requirements validation by specification animation 198
5.3.1 Extracting an executable model from the specification 199
5.3.2 Simulating the model 199
5.3.3 Visualizing the simulation 200
5.3.4 Conclusion 200
5.4 Requirements verification through formal checks 202
5.4.1 Language checks 202
5.4.2 Dedicated consistency and completeness checks 203
5.4.3 Model checking 205
5.4.4 Theorem proving 208
5.5 Conclusion 211
Summary 213
Notes and Further Reading 214
Exercises 217
6 Requirements Evolution 219
6.1 The time-space dimensions of evolution: Revisions and variants 220
6.2 Change anticipation 223
6.3 Traceability management for evolution support 225
6.3.1 Traceability links 226
6.3.2 The traceability management process, its benefits and cost 233
6.3.3 Traceability management techniques 237
6.3.4 Determining an adequate cost-benefit trade-off for traceability management 244
6.4 Change control 246
6.4.1 Change initiation 247
6.4.2 Change evaluation and prioritization 248
6.4.3 Change consolidation 249
6.5 Runtime monitoring of requirements and assumptions for dynamic change 249
6.6 Conclusion 251
Summary 252
Notes and Further Reading 254
Exercises 256
7 Goal Orientation in Requirements Engineering 259
7.1 What are goals? 260
7.2 The granularity of goals and their relationship to requirements and assumptions 261
7.3 Goal types and categories 265
7.3.1 Types of goal: behavioural goals vs soft goals 265
7.3.2 Goal categories: Functional vs non-functional goals 269
7.4 The central role of goals in the requirements engineering process 272
7.5 Where are goals coming from? 275
7.6 The relationship of goals to other requirements-related products and processes 276
7.6.1 Goals and scenarios 276
7.6.2 Intentional and operational specifications 277
7.6.3 Goals and use cases 277
7.6.4 Goals and model-checked properties 277
7.6.5 Goal orientation and agent orientation 278
7.6.6 Goal orientation and object orientation 278
7.6.7 Goal orientation and top-down analysis 279
Summary 279
Notes and Further Reading 280
Exercises 283
Part II Building System Models for Requirements Engineering 287
8 Modelling System Objectives with Goal Diagrams 293
8.1 Goal features as model annotations 294
8.2 Goal refinement 297
8.3 Representing conflicts among goals 301
8.4 Connecting the goal model with other system views 302
8.5 Modelling alternative options 303
8.5.1 Alternative goal refinements 304
8.5.2 Alternative responsibility assignments 305
8.6 Goal diagrams as AND/OR graphs 307
8.7 Documenting goal refinements and assignments with annotations 308
8.8 Building goal models: Heuristic rules and reusable patterns 309
8.8.1 Eliciting preliminary goals 309
8.8.2 Identifying goals along refinement branches 311
8.8.3 Delimiting the scope of the goal model 316
8.8.4 Avoiding common pitfalls 317
8.8.5 Reusing refinement patterns 319
8.8.6 Reusing refinement trees associated with goal categories 326
Summary 328
Notes and Further Reading 329
Exercises 331
9 Anticipating What Could Go Wrong: Risk Analysis on Goal Models 335
9.1 Goal obstruction by obstacles 336
9.1.1 What are obstacles? 336
9.1.2 Completeness of a set of obstacles 337
9.1.3 Obstacle categories 338
9.2 Modelling obstacles 339
9.2.1 Obstacle diagrams 339
9.2.2 Conditions on obstacle refinement 341
9.2.3 Bottom-up propagation of obstructions in goal AND-refinements 342
9.2.4 Annotating obstacle diagrams 343
9.3 Obstacle analysis for a more robust goal model 344
9.3.1 Identifying obstacles 344
9.3.2 Evaluating obstacles 349
9.3.3 Resolving obstacles in a modified goal model 349
Summary 353
Notes and Further Reading 355
Exercises 356
10 Modelling Conceptual Objects with Class Diagrams 359
10.1 Representing domain concepts by conceptual objects 360
10.1.1 What are conceptual objects? 360
10.1.2 Object instantiation: classes and current instances 361
10.1.3 Types of conceptual object 362
10.1.4 Object models as UML class diagrams 363
10.1.5 Object features as model annotations 364
10.2 Entities 366
10.3 Associations 366
10.4 Attributes 371
10.5 Built-in associations for structuring object models 373
10.5.1 Object specialization 373
10.5.2 Object aggregation 376
10.6 More on class diagrams 377
10.6.1 Derived attributes and associations 377
10.6.2 OR-associations 378
10.6.3 Ordered associations 379
10.6.4 Associations of associations 379
10.7 Heuristic rules for building object models 380
10.7.1 Deriving pertinent and complete class diagrams from goal diagrams 380
10.7.2 Object or attribute? 384
10.7.3 Entity, association, agent or event? 384
10.7.4 Attribute of a linked object or of the linking association? 385
10.7.5 Aggregation or association? 386
10.7.6 Specializing and generalizing concepts 386
10.7.7 Avoiding common pitfalls 387
...| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2009 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Programmiersprachen |
| Genre: | Informatik |
| Rubrik: | Naturwissenschaften & Technik |
| Medium: | Taschenbuch |
| Inhalt: | ContentsPrefacePart 1: Fundamentals of Requirements EngineeringChapter 1 Setting the SceneChapter 2 Domain Analysis and Requirements ElicitationChapter 3 Requirements EvaluationChapter 4 Requirements Specification and DocumentationChapter 5 Requirements |
| ISBN-13: | 9780470012703 |
| ISBN-10: | 0470012706 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Herstellernummer: | 14501270000 |
| Einband: | Kartoniert / Broschiert |
| Autor: | Lamsweerde, Axel van |
| Hersteller: |
John Wiley & Sons
John Wiley & Sons Inc |
| Maße: | 235 x 193 x 39 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Axel van Lamsweerde |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 09.01.2009 |
| Gewicht: | 1,256 kg |
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