Assessing Nonpharmacological Treatments: Theoretical Framework: Blinding in Nonpharmacological Randomized Controlled Trials. Placebo in Nonpharmacological Randomized Trials. Complexity of the Intervention. Learning Curves. Clustering Effects in RCTs of Nonpharmacological Interventions. Assessment of Harm. External Validity and Applicability of Nonpharmacological Trials. Assessing Nonpharmacological Interventions in Cluster Randomized Trials. Expertise-Based Trials. Pragmatic Trials and Nonpharmacological Evaluation. Preference Trials. Nonrandomized Studies to Evaluate the Effects of a Nonpharmacological Intervention. Methodological and Reporting Considerations for Systematic Reviews of Nonpharmacological Interventions. Accounting for the Complexity of the Intervention in Nonpharmacological Systematic Reviews. Reporting Guidelines for Nonpharmacological Trials. Assessing Nonpharmacological Treatments: Practical Examples: Assessing Cardiothoracic Surgery: Practical Examples. Assessing Obstetrics and Gynecology: Practical Examples. Assessing Lower Limb Arthroplasty: Practical Examples. Assessing Radiation Therapy: Practical Examples. Assessing Electroconvulsive Therapy: Practical Examples. Assessing Acupuncture: Practical Examples. Assessing Orthosis: Practical Examples. Assessing Rehabilitation: Practical Examples. Assessing Psychotherapy: Practical Examples. Assessing Psychosocial Interventions for Mental Health: Practical Examples. Assessing Behavioral Change Interventions for Mental Health: Practical Examples. Assessing Hypnotherapy: Practical Examples. Index.