Preface;
Who This Book Is For;
Who This Book Is Not For;
Conventions Used in This Book;
Online Code Examples;
Using Code Examples;
Safari® Books Online;
How to Contact Us;
Acknowledgments;
Chapter 1: Data Structures and Algorithms;
1.1 Unpacking a Sequence into Separate Variables;
1.2 Unpacking Elements from Iterables of Arbitrary Length;
1.3 Keeping the Last N Items;
1.4 Finding the Largest or Smallest N Items;
1.5 Implementing a Priority Queue;
1.6 Mapping Keys to Multiple Values in a Dictionary;
1.7 Keeping Dictionaries in Order;
1.8 Calculating with Dictionaries;
1.9 Finding Commonalities in Two Dictionaries;
1.10 Removing Duplicates from a Sequence while Maintaining Order;
1.11 Naming a Slice;
1.12 Determining the Most Frequently Occurring Items in a Sequence;
1.13 Sorting a List of Dictionaries by a Common Key;
1.14 Sorting Objects Without Native Comparison Support;
1.15 Grouping Records Together Based on a Field;
1.16 Filtering Sequence Elements;
1.17 Extracting a Subset of a Dictionary;
1.18 Mapping Names to Sequence Elements;
1.19 Transforming and Reducing Data at the Same Time;
1.20 Combining Multiple Mappings into a Single Mapping;
Chapter 2: Strings and Text;
2.1 Splitting Strings on Any of Multiple Delimiters;
2.2 Matching Text at the Start or End of a String;
2.3 Matching Strings Using Shell Wildcard Patterns;
2.4 Matching and Searching for Text Patterns;
2.5 Searching and Replacing Text;
2.6 Searching and Replacing Case-Insensitive Text;
2.7 Specifying a Regular Expression for the Shortest Match;
2.8 Writing a Regular Expression for Multiline Patterns;
2.9 Normalizing Unicode Text to a Standard Representation;
2.10 Working with Unicode Characters in Regular Expressions;
2.11 Stripping Unwanted Characters from Strings;
2.12 Sanitizing and Cleaning Up Text;
2.13 Aligning Text Strings;
2.14 Combining and Concatenating Strings;
2.15 Interpolating Variables in Strings;
2.16 Reformatting Text to a Fixed Number of Columns;
2.17 Handling HTML and XML Entities in Text;
2.18 Tokenizing Text;
2.19 Writing a Simple Recursive Descent Parser;
2.20 Performing Text Operations on Byte Strings;
Chapter 3: Numbers, Dates, and Times;
3.1 Rounding Numerical Values;
3.2 Performing Accurate Decimal Calculations;
3.3 Formatting Numbers for Output;
3.4 Working with Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Integers;
3.5 Packing and Unpacking Large Integers from Bytes;
3.6 Performing Complex-Valued Math;
3.7 Working with Infinity and NaNs;
3.8 Calculating with Fractions;
3.9 Calculating with Large Numerical Arrays;
3.10 Performing Matrix and Linear Algebra Calculations;
3.11 Picking Things at Random;
3.12 Converting Days to Seconds, and Other Basic Time Conversions;
3.13 Determining Last Friday's Date;
3.14 Finding the Date Range for the Current Month;
3.15 Converting Strings into Datetimes;
3.16 Manipulating Dates Involving Time Zones;
Chapter 4: Iterators and Generators;
4.1 Manually Consuming an Iterator;
4.2 Delegating Iteration;
4.3 Creating New Iteration Patterns with Generators;
4.4 Implementing the Iterator Protocol;
4.5 Iterating in Reverse;
4.6 Defining Generator Functions with Extra State;
4.7 Taking a Slice of an Iterator;
4.8 Skipping the First Part of an Iterable;
4.9 Iterating Over All Possible Combinations or Permutations;
4.10 Iterating Over the Index-Value Pairs of a Sequence;
4.11 Iterating Over Multiple Sequences Simultaneously;
4.12 Iterating on Items in Separate Containers;
4.13 Creating Data Processing Pipelines;
4.14 Flattening a Nested Sequence;
4.15 Iterating in Sorted Order Over Merged Sorted Iterables;
4.16 Replacing Infinite while Loops with an Iterator;
Chapter 5: Files and I/O;
5.1 Reading and Writing Text Data;
5.2 Printing to a File;
5.3 Printing with a Different Separator or Line Ending;
5.4 Reading and Writing Binary Data;
5.5 Writing to a File That Doesn't Already Exist;
5.6 Performing I/O Operations on a String;
5.7 Reading and Writing Compressed Datafiles;
5.8 Iterating Over Fixed-Sized Records;
5.9 Reading Binary Data into a Mutable Buffer;
5.10 Memory Mapping Binary Files;
5.11 Manipulating Pathnames;
5.12 Testing for the Existence of a File;
5.13 Getting a Directory Listing;
5.14 Bypassing Filename Encoding;
5.15 Printing Bad Filenames;
5.16 Adding or Changing the Encoding of an Already Open File;
5.17 Writing Bytes to a Text File;
5.18 Wrapping an Existing File Descriptor As a File Object;
5.19 Making Temporary Files and Directories;
5.20 Communicating with Serial Ports;
5.21 Serializing Python Objects;
Chapter 6: Data Encoding and Processing;
6.1 Reading and Writing CSV Data;
6.2 Reading and Writing JSON Data;
6.3 Parsing Simple XML Data;
6.4 Parsing Huge XML Files Incrementally;
6.5 Turning a Dictionary into XML;
6.6 Parsing, Modifying, and Rewriting XML;
6.7 Parsing XML Documents with Namespaces;
6.8 Interacting with a Relational Database;
6.9 Decoding and Encoding Hexadecimal Digits;
6.10 Decoding and Encoding Base64;
6.11 Reading and Writing Binary Arrays of Structures;
6.12 Reading Nested and Variable-Sized Binary Structures;
6.13 Summarizing Data and Performing Statistics;
Chapter 7: Functions;
7.1 Writing Functions That Accept Any Number of Arguments;
7.2 Writing Functions That Only Accept Keyword Arguments;
7.3 Attaching Informational Metadata to Function Arguments;
7.4 Returning Multiple Values from a Function;
7.5 Defining Functions with Default Arguments;
7.6 Defining Anonymous or Inline Functions;
7.7 Capturing Variables in Anonymous Functions;
7.8 Making an N-Argument Callable Work As a Callable with Fewer Arguments;
7.9 Replacing Single Method Classes with Functions;
7.10 Carrying Extra State with Callback Functions;
7.11 Inlining Callback Functions;
7.12 Accessing Variables Defined Inside a Closure;
Chapter 8: Classes and Objects;
8.1 Changing the String Representation of Instances;
8.2 Customizing String Formatting;
8.3 Making Objects Support the Context-Management Protocol;
8.4 Saving Memory When Creating a Large Number of Instances;
8.5 Encapsulating Names in a Class;
8.6 Creating Managed Attributes;
8.7 Calling a Method on a Parent Class;
8.8 Extending a Property in a Subclass;
8.9 Creating a New Kind of Class or Instance Attribute;
8.10 Using Lazily Computed Properties;
8.11 Simplifying the Initialization of Data Structures;
8.12 Defining an Interface or Abstract Base Class;
8.13 Implementing a Data Model or Type System;
8.14 Implementing Custom Containers;
8.15 Delegating Attribute Access;
8.16 Defining More Than One Constructor in a Class;
8.17 Creating an Instance Without Invoking init;
8.18 Extending Classes with Mixins;
8.19 Implementing Stateful Objects or State Machines;
8.20 Calling a Method on an Object Given the Name As a String;
8.21 Implementing the Visitor Pattern;
8.22 Implementing the Visitor Pattern Without Recursion;
8.23 Managing Memory in Cyclic Data Structures;
8.24 Making Classes Support Comparison Operations;
8.25 Creating Cached Instances;
Chapter 9: Metaprogramming;
9.1 Putting a Wrapper Around a Function;
9.2 Preserving Function Metadata When Writing Decorators;
9.3 Unwrapping a Decorator;
9.4 Defining a Decorator That Takes Arguments;
9.5 Defining a Decorator with User Adjustable Attributes;
9.6 Defining a Decorator That Takes an Optional Argument;
9.7 Enforcing Type Checking on a Function Using a Decorator;
9.8 Defining Decorators As Part of a Class;
9.9 Defining Decorators As Classes;
9.10 Applying Decorators to Class and Static Methods;
9.11 Writing Decorators That Add Arguments to Wrapped Functions;
9.12 Using Decorators to Patch Class Definitions;
9.13 Using a Metaclass to Control Instance Creation;
9.14 Capturing Class Attribute Definition Order;
9.15 Defining a Metaclass That Takes Optional Arguments;
9.16 Enforcing an Argument Signature on *args and **kwargs;
9.17 Enforcing Coding Conventions in Classes;
9.18 Defining Classes Programmatically;
9.19 Initializing Class Members at Definition Time;
9.20 Implementing Multiple Dispatch with Function Annotations;
9.21 Avoiding Repetitive Property Methods;
9.22 Defining Context Managers the Easy Way;
9.23 Executing Code with Local Side Effects;
9.24 Parsing and Analyzing Python Source;
9.25 Disassembling Python Byte Code;
Chapter 10: Modules and Packages;
10.1 Making a Hierarchical Package of Modules;
10.2 Controlling the Import of Everything;
10.3 Importing Package Submodules Using Relative Names;
10.4 Splitting a Module into Multiple Files;
10.5 Making Separate Directories of Code Import Under a Common Namespace;
10.6 Reloading Modules;
10.7 Making a Directory or Zip File Runnable As a Main Script;
10.8 Reading Datafiles Within a Package;
10.9 Adding Directories to sys.path;
10.10 Importing Modules Using a Name Given in a String;
10.11 Loading Modules from a Remote Machine Using Import Hooks;
10.12 Patching Modules on Import;
10.13 Installing Packages Just for Yourself;
10.14 Creating a New Python Environment;
10.15 Distributing Packages;
Chapter 11: Network and Web Programming;
11.1 Interacting with HTTP Services As a Client;
11.2 Creating a TCP Server;
11.3 Creating a UDP Server;
11.4 Generating a Range of IP Addresses from a CIDR Address;
11.5 Creating a Simple REST-Based Interface;
11.6 Implementing a Simple Remote Procedure Call with XML-RPC;
11.7 Communicating Simply Between Interpreters;
11.8 Implementing Remote Procedure Calls;
11.9 Authenticating Clients Simply;
11.10 Adding SSL to Network Services;
11.11 Passing a Socket File Descriptor Between Processes;
11.12 Understanding Event-Driven I/O;
11.13 Sending and Receiving Large Arrays;
Chapter 12: Concurrency;
12.1 Starting and...