Michael J. Kennish is Research Professor at the School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University.

Physiography. Ocean Provinces. Conclusions. General Features of the Earth. General Characteristics of the Oceans. Appendices, Conversion Factors, Measures, and Units. Marine Chemistry. Seawater Composition. Conclusions. Periodic Table. Composition of Seawater. Properties of Seawater. Atmospheric and Fluvial Fluxes. Trace Elements. Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Chemistry. Organic Matter. Decomposition of Organic Matter. Oxygen. Nutrients. Carbon Dioxide. Calcium Carbonate. Physical Oceanography. Introduction. Seawater Properties. Open Ocean Circulation. Estuarine and Coastal Ocean Circulation. Physical Oceanography Instrumentation. Conclusions. Light. Temperature. Salinity. Density. Tides. Wind. Waves and Their Properties. Coastal Waves and Currents. Estuarine Circulation. Ocean Circulation. Direct and Remote Sensing Oceanographic Applications. Sampling Platforms. Marine Geology. Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Basins. Seafloor Topographic Features. Sediments. Conclusions. Astronomical and Earth Properties. Ocean Basins. Plate Tectonics, Mid-Ocean Ridges, and Ocean Crust Formation. Hydrothermal Vents. Lava Flows and Seamounts. Submarine Canyons and Oceanic Trenches. Heat Flow. Continental Margins. Continental Shelves, Beaches, and Estuaries. Mineral Deposits and Marine Sediments. Marine Biology. Introduction. Trophic Relationships. Marine Microbes. Phytoplankton. Zooplankton. Benthos. Nekton. Conclusions. Primary Production in Marine Systems. Primary Production and Distribution of Coastal Wetlands and Seaweeds. Bacteria. Marine Plankton. Protozoans. Benthic Flora. Benthic Fauna. Nekton. Food Webs. Carbon Flow. Coastal Systems. Deep-Sea Systems. Anthropogenic Effects. Introduction. Marine Pollution. Types of Anthropogenic Impacts. Conclusions. Sources of Marine Pollution. Watershed Effects. Contaminant Effects on Organisms. Nutrients. Organic Carbon. Blue Carbon Sequestration. Pathogens. Oil. Stockholm Convention on Persistant Organic Pollutants. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Halogenated Hydrocarbons. Heavy Metals. Radioactive Substances. Dredging and Dredged Material Disposal. Climate Change. Introduction. Climate Reconstruction. Climate Change Factors. Climate Change Effects. Climate Change Consequences. Conclusions. Drivers of Climate Change. Temperature Changes. Ice Loss. Sea Level Rise. Organism Responses. Shoreline Restoration. Index. .