Andro G. Kacharava, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA

Alexander Gedevanishvili, Director; Echocardiography Laboratory; West Georgia Medical Center; Lagrange, GA

Goran Imnadze, Ph D, Moscow Scientific Center of Cardiovascular Surgery of A.N.Bakulev

Dimitri Tsverava, MD, Ph D, Chief of Inpatient Services MediClubGeorgia (MCG) - Tbilisi, Georgia

Craig M. Brodsky, MD, Cardiologist: Lewis, Gotlieb, Saltzman, Edep & Brodsky, PA, Boca Raton, FL

Foreword by Navin C. Nanda vii

Preface ix

Abbreviations xi

1 Comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic examination protocol 1

2 Indications, contraindications and endpoints of dobutamine and exercise stress echocardiography 6

3 Types of stress echocardiography and reading template 8

4 Useful formulas and normal values 10

5 Guidelines for the safe use of echocardiography contrast 12

6 Atrial and ventricular dimensions 13

7 Coronary artery disease 21

8 Left ventricular systolic function and left ventricular diastolic patterns 23

9 Right ventricular systolic function and right ventricular diastolic patterns 27

10 Dilated, hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathies 30

11 Pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis 31

12 Mitral stenosis 32

13 Mitral valvuloplasty score 33

14 Recommendations for data recording and measurement for mitral stenosis 34

15 Mitral regurgitation 36

16 Aortic regurgitation 38

17 Aortic stenosis 39

18 Recommendations for data recording and measurement for aortic stenosis 40

19 Resolution of apparent discrepancies in measures of aortic stenois severity 42

20 Pulmonic stenosis, pulmonic regurgitation, pulmonary hypertension 43

21 Tricuspid regurgitation and tricuspid stenosis 45

22 Infective endocarditis 47

23 ACC/ASE recommendations for echocardiography in ineffective endocarditis 48

24 Prosthetic valves 49

25 Normal echocardiographic values for prosthetic valves 51

26 Congenital heart disease 53

27 Miscellaneous 54

28 Aortic diseases 55

29 Indication for surgery in aortic diseases 56

30 Transthoracic echocardiographic and Doppler protocols for assessment of ventricular dyssynchrony 57

31 Indications contraindications and complications of transesophageal echocardiographic examination 59

32 Routine approach to any transesophageal echocardiographic and recommended views for evaluation of aorta 61

33 Terminology used to describe manipulation of the probe and transducer during image acquisition 62

34 Diagrams of standard transesophageal echocardiographic views 63

35 Transesophageal echocardiographic measurements 64

36 Transesophageal echocardiographic diagram of the regional blood supply to cardiac wall segments 67

37 Transesophageal echocardiographic orientation for assessment of the mitral valve 68

38 Diagrams of transesophageal echocardiographic views in the evaluation of the mitral valve 70

39 References and Recommended Literature 72

Supplement to pocket guide of echocardiography 75