SECTION 1 - PART 1: WHAT IS A PANGOLIN? EVOLUTION, PHYLOGENY AND TAXONOMY Overview 1. Evolution and morphology 2. Phylogeny and Systematics

SECTION 1 - PART 2: WHAT IS A PANGOLIN? BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND STATUS 3. The role of pangolins in ecosystems 4. Chinese pangolin Manis pentadactyla (Linnaeus, 1758)5. Indian pangolin Manis crassicaudata (Geoffrey, 1803) 6. Sunda pangolin Manis javanica (Desmarest, 1822) 7. Philippine pangolin Manis culionensis (de Elera, 1915) 8. Black-bellied pangolin Phataginus tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1766) 9. White-bellied pangolin Phataginus tricuspis (Rafinesque, 1820) 10. Giant pangolin Smutsia gigantea (Illiger, 1815) 11. Temminck's pangolin Smutsia temminckii (Smuts, 1832)

SECTION TWO: CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE, USE AND TRADE Overview 12. Symbolism, myth and ritual in Africa and Asia 13. Early biogeographies and symbolic use in Europe in the 16th-18th centuries 14. Meat and medicine: historic and contemporary use in Asia 15. Bushmeat and beyond: historic and contemporary use in Africa 16. International trade and trafficking in pangolins, 1900-2018

SECTION THREE: CONSERVATION SOLUTIONS Overview

Law enforcement and regulation 17. Conserving pangolins through international and national regulation and effective law enforcement 18. Combatting Illegal Pangolin Trade - A Law Enforcement Practitioner's Perspective 19. Addressing trade threats to pangolins in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 20. Understanding illegal trade in pangolins through forensics

Awareness raising and behaviour change 21. No Longer a Forgotten Species: History, Key Events, and Lessons Learnt from the Rise of Pangolin Awareness 22. Changing consumer behavior for pangolin products

Site-based protection and local community engagement 23. Engaging local communities in responses to illegal trade in pangolins: who, why and how? 24. Exploring community benefits to reduce illegal wildlife trade using a theory of change approach 25. Community conservation in Nepal - opportunities and challenges for pangolin conservation 26. The Sunda pangolin in Singapore: a multi-stakeholder approach to research and conservation 27. Holistic approaches to protecting a pangolin stronghold in Central Africa

Ex situ conservation 28. Husbandry of pangolins: lessons and challenges 29. Veterinary health and pangolins 30. The rescue, rehabilitation and release of pangolins 31. Zoo Engagement in Pangolin Conservation: Contributions, Opportunities, Challenges, and the Way Forward 32. Evaluating the impact of pangolin farming on conservation

Conservation planning, research and finance 33. Conservation strategies and priority actions for pangolins 34. Research needs for pangolins 35. Developing robust ecological monitoring methodologies for pangolin conservation 36. Conservation planning and PHVAs in Taiwan 37. Leveraging support for pangolin conservation and the potential of innovative finance 38. Supporting pangolin conservation through conservation tourism

SECTION FOUR: THE FUTURE 39. Taking pangolin conservation to scale: the IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group and the next 20 years