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Der nützliche Leitfaden wurde von einem sehr erfahrenen Technologen verfasst und erklärt in einer klaren und leserfreundlichen Weise, was jeder MRT-Spezialist wissen muss. Zu den Themen des Buchs zählen Sicherheitsaspekte im Zusammenhang mit Magnetfeld und Hochfrequenz, Pulssequenzen, Artefakte, MRT-Mathematik, die besonders schwierigen Gradienten und IV-Kontrastmittel.
* Grundlegende Hinweise zu Sicherheitsfragen, Protokolloptionen, kritischem Denken und Bildkontrastoptimierung
* Einfache Darstellung des anspruchsvollen Themas MRT-Physik durch klare Sprache und verständliche Erklärungen
* Prüfungsrelevante Inhalte für die Prüfungen der American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARTT) und Continuing Qualifications Requirements (CQR)
* Mit zahlreichen Illustrationen und Fotos zu verschiedenen MRT-Konzepten, Pulssequenz-Design, Artefakten und der Anwendung der Konzepte im klinischen Umfeld
Der nützliche Leitfaden wurde von einem sehr erfahrenen Technologen verfasst und erklärt in einer klaren und leserfreundlichen Weise, was jeder MRT-Spezialist wissen muss. Zu den Themen des Buchs zählen Sicherheitsaspekte im Zusammenhang mit Magnetfeld und Hochfrequenz, Pulssequenzen, Artefakte, MRT-Mathematik, die besonders schwierigen Gradienten und IV-Kontrastmittel.
* Grundlegende Hinweise zu Sicherheitsfragen, Protokolloptionen, kritischem Denken und Bildkontrastoptimierung
* Einfache Darstellung des anspruchsvollen Themas MRT-Physik durch klare Sprache und verständliche Erklärungen
* Prüfungsrelevante Inhalte für die Prüfungen der American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARTT) und Continuing Qualifications Requirements (CQR)
* Mit zahlreichen Illustrationen und Fotos zu verschiedenen MRT-Konzepten, Pulssequenz-Design, Artefakten und der Anwendung der Konzepte im klinischen Umfeld
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xix
Introduction 1
1 Hardware: Magnet Types and Coils 15
Magnets 15
Coils 17
2 The Basics 23
Why the Hydrogen Molecule? 24
The Net Magnetization Vector 26
MRI is a Sequence of Events 27
Free Induction Decay (FID) 32
Relaxation 33
Proton Density 38
Image Contrast 38
The IQ Triangle: Contrast, SNR, Resolution 39
B0 and B1 43
Free and Bound Protons 44
3 Image Weighting 47
Where Does Image Weighting Come From? 48
Time of Repetition (TR) 50
Time of Echo (TE) 52
TE and TR 54
Why Different TR Ranges for Different Field Strengths? 54
How Does TR Control T1? 55
What Does TR Affect? 56
Interpreting the T1 Relaxation Curve 57
Time of Repetition: Effects of the TR 57
TE: The T1 and T2 of it 58
Interpreting the T2 Relaxation Curve 60
Effects of TE on Image Contrast 62
What Do the Lines on the Curves Really Mean Anyway? 62
One Last Weighting Triangle 65
T1 and T2 Contrast Review 66
4 Introduction to the Basic Pulse Sequences 69
What is a Pulse Sequence? 69
Spin Echo (SE) 70
Gradient Echo/Gradient Recalled Echo (GRE) 73
Line Diagram Anatomy 74
The Ernst Angle 77
5 Multi Echo Spin Echo Sequence 81
Introduction to k-Space 82
k-Space: Phase Encoding 85
With FSE, Watch the Speed Limit! 86
k-Space, ETL, and Image Contrast 87
Filling k-Space 89
Pros and Cons of FSE 89
Another Way to View T2* and 180°s 91
Where Do Relaxation and Decay Curves Come From? 92
A T2* Curve Compared to the T2 Curve 93
Metal Artifact Reduction (MARS) 94
Driven Equilibrium: A "Forced T1" 95
3D FSE: CUBE/SPACE/VISTA 97
Single Shot FSE/HASTE 98
6 Tissue Suppression 105
Tissue Saturation versus Suppression 107
Inversion Recovery - Part One: STIR 108
Inversion Recovery: STIR with Vectors 109
Inversion Recovery Part Two: T2 FLAIR 113
IR Sequences: T1 and T2 FLAIR 116
IR Weightings: STIR, T1 and T2 FLAIR 117
Inversion Recovery - Part Two 119
The Rupture View 120
Tissue Saturation: Chemical Shift 121
Chemical Saturation at Low Fields 123
Tissue Saturation: SPAIR and SPIR 124
The Dixon Technique 126
Water Excitation 126
Saturation Pulses or Bands 129
Subtractions 131
Magnetization Transfer 135
IR Prepped Sequences 137
How is an RF Pulse Selective or Non-Selective? 140
Water Excitation Sequences 142
7 The Gradient Echo Sequence 145
GRE Sequence Structure 147
Phase Dispersion and Gradient Reversal 148
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) 149
GRE Sequence Image Weighting 149
Two Different Kinds of T2 Relaxation 152
The GRE Weighting Triangle 153
GRE and SE Differences 156
Different Gradient Echo Types 157
In and Out of Phase TEs 161
In Phase/Out of Phase at 1.5 T 163
8 Gradient Echo Magnetic Resonance Angiography 167
Time of Flight MRA 168
TOF Angiography: Two Golden Rules 171
Types of MRA Sequences 171
TOF Concept in MRA versus MRV 172
2D versus 3D 172
2D TOF MRAs 175
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2021 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Pharmazie |
| Genre: | Medizin |
| Rubrik: | Wissenschaften |
| Medium: | Taschenbuch |
| Seiten: | 416 |
| Inhalt: | 416 S. |
| ISBN-13: | 9781119615026 |
| ISBN-10: | 111961502X |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Herstellernummer: | 1W119615020 |
| Autor: | Powers, Stephen J. |
| Auflage: | 1. Auflage |
| Hersteller: |
Wiley & Sons
Wiley-Blackwell |
| Maße: | 20 x 142 x 216 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Stephen J. Powers |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 01.04.2021 |
| Gewicht: | 0,581 kg |
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xix
Introduction 1
1 Hardware: Magnet Types and Coils 15
Magnets 15
Coils 17
2 The Basics 23
Why the Hydrogen Molecule? 24
The Net Magnetization Vector 26
MRI is a Sequence of Events 27
Free Induction Decay (FID) 32
Relaxation 33
Proton Density 38
Image Contrast 38
The IQ Triangle: Contrast, SNR, Resolution 39
B0 and B1 43
Free and Bound Protons 44
3 Image Weighting 47
Where Does Image Weighting Come From? 48
Time of Repetition (TR) 50
Time of Echo (TE) 52
TE and TR 54
Why Different TR Ranges for Different Field Strengths? 54
How Does TR Control T1? 55
What Does TR Affect? 56
Interpreting the T1 Relaxation Curve 57
Time of Repetition: Effects of the TR 57
TE: The T1 and T2 of it 58
Interpreting the T2 Relaxation Curve 60
Effects of TE on Image Contrast 62
What Do the Lines on the Curves Really Mean Anyway? 62
One Last Weighting Triangle 65
T1 and T2 Contrast Review 66
4 Introduction to the Basic Pulse Sequences 69
What is a Pulse Sequence? 69
Spin Echo (SE) 70
Gradient Echo/Gradient Recalled Echo (GRE) 73
Line Diagram Anatomy 74
The Ernst Angle 77
5 Multi Echo Spin Echo Sequence 81
Introduction to k-Space 82
k-Space: Phase Encoding 85
With FSE, Watch the Speed Limit! 86
k-Space, ETL, and Image Contrast 87
Filling k-Space 89
Pros and Cons of FSE 89
Another Way to View T2* and 180°s 91
Where Do Relaxation and Decay Curves Come From? 92
A T2* Curve Compared to the T2 Curve 93
Metal Artifact Reduction (MARS) 94
Driven Equilibrium: A "Forced T1" 95
3D FSE: CUBE/SPACE/VISTA 97
Single Shot FSE/HASTE 98
6 Tissue Suppression 105
Tissue Saturation versus Suppression 107
Inversion Recovery - Part One: STIR 108
Inversion Recovery: STIR with Vectors 109
Inversion Recovery Part Two: T2 FLAIR 113
IR Sequences: T1 and T2 FLAIR 116
IR Weightings: STIR, T1 and T2 FLAIR 117
Inversion Recovery - Part Two 119
The Rupture View 120
Tissue Saturation: Chemical Shift 121
Chemical Saturation at Low Fields 123
Tissue Saturation: SPAIR and SPIR 124
The Dixon Technique 126
Water Excitation 126
Saturation Pulses or Bands 129
Subtractions 131
Magnetization Transfer 135
IR Prepped Sequences 137
How is an RF Pulse Selective or Non-Selective? 140
Water Excitation Sequences 142
7 The Gradient Echo Sequence 145
GRE Sequence Structure 147
Phase Dispersion and Gradient Reversal 148
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) 149
GRE Sequence Image Weighting 149
Two Different Kinds of T2 Relaxation 152
The GRE Weighting Triangle 153
GRE and SE Differences 156
Different Gradient Echo Types 157
In and Out of Phase TEs 161
In Phase/Out of Phase at 1.5 T 163
8 Gradient Echo Magnetic Resonance Angiography 167
Time of Flight MRA 168
TOF Angiography: Two Golden Rules 171
Types of MRA Sequences 171
TOF Concept in MRA versus MRV 172
2D versus 3D 172
2D TOF MRAs 175
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2021 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Pharmazie |
| Genre: | Medizin |
| Rubrik: | Wissenschaften |
| Medium: | Taschenbuch |
| Seiten: | 416 |
| Inhalt: | 416 S. |
| ISBN-13: | 9781119615026 |
| ISBN-10: | 111961502X |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Herstellernummer: | 1W119615020 |
| Autor: | Powers, Stephen J. |
| Auflage: | 1. Auflage |
| Hersteller: |
Wiley & Sons
Wiley-Blackwell |
| Maße: | 20 x 142 x 216 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Stephen J. Powers |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 01.04.2021 |
| Gewicht: | 0,581 kg |
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