List of contributors; Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction Michio Nakamura; Part I. History and Overview: 2. Overview of the field site: Mahale Mountains and their surroundings; 3. Research history; 4. Chimpanzee distribution: accumulation of survey reports; 5. Who's who; Part II. Social Organization: 6. Social system: features and variations; 7. Demography of the M group; 8. Home range; 9. Fission-fusion grouping; 10. Disappearance of K group male chimpanzees: re-examination of group extinction; 11. Intergroup relationships; Part III. Ecology: 12. Climate and climatological trends in the Kasoje Forest; 13. Mahale flora: its historical background and long-term changes; 14. Patterns and trends in fruiting phenology: some implications for important chimpanzee diet; 15. Mammalian fauna; 16. Interspecific relationships; Part IV. Feeding: 17. Diet and feeding behavior; 18. Taste of chimpanzee foods; 19. Seeds from feces: implications for seed dispersal and fecal analyses; 20. Hunting and food sharing; 21. Insect-feeding behavior and insect fauna: with special reference to plant-insect relationships; Part V. Life History and Health: 22. Development and growth: with special reference to mother-infant relationships; 23. Gerontology; 24. Chimpanzee self-medication: a historical perspective of the key findings; 25. Diseases and deaths: variety and impact on social life; 26. Conspecific killings; Part VI. Social Relations: 27. Male-male relationships; 28. Female-female relationships; 29. Male-female relationships: affiliative, interventional, and dominant-subordinate interactions; 30. Orphans and allomothering; Part VII. Social Behavior: 31. Intimidation display; 32. Aggression and conflict management; 33. Greetings and dominance; 35. Sexual behavior and mating strategies; 36. Social play: history of the studies at Mahale and a new perspective; 37. Ethograms and the diversity of behaviors; Part VIII. Behavioral Diversity: 38. Culture; 39. Vocal communication; 40. Diversity of play; 41. Laterality of hand function; 42. Use of tools and other objects; 43. Bed making and nocturnal behavior; Part IX. From Field to Lab: 44. Field endocrinology; 45. Skeletal and dental morphology; 46. Genetic studies; 47. Internal parasites; Part X. People and Chimpanzees: 48. Current status of tourism; 49. Culture and subsistence ecology of the Tongwe, and their significance in chimpanzee research; 50. Conservation and the future; Appendix I. Plant list; Appendix II. Dietary list; Appendix III. Mammal list; Appendix IV. Meteorological data collected at Kansyana, 1983-2013; Appendix V. List of researchers who visited Mahale; Appendix VI. List of abbreviations used for Mahale chimpanzee names; Appendix VII. Research and conservation funds for Mahale; Index.