INTRODUCTION

The Puzzle
Fragmentation in Civil Wars and Collapsed States.
Fragmentation and Social Structure.
The Argument
Structure, Process, and Social Transformation in Civil War
Social Embeddedness
The Process of Fragmentation
Mechanisms and Processes
Research Design and Methodology
Data collection
Conditions and Constraints
Plan of the Book

LIBYA'S UNRAVELLING, 2011-2019

Revolution (February-October 2011)
Sharing the Spoils (November 2011 - July 2012)
An Experiment with Democracy (July 2012 - May 2013)
Escalating Tensions (May 2013 - June 2014)
The Second Civil War (2014-15)
The Elusive Agreement (July 2015 - September 2016)
Impasse (September 2016 - January 2019)
Haftar's Expansion and the Third Civil War (January 2019)
Patterns, Turning Points, and Paths not Taken

STRUCTURE AND PROCESS IN THE ERUPTION OF CIVIL WAR (2011)

Structure, Process, and Violence
Collective Indecision, Contingency, and Violence
Violence, Group Structure, and Social Transformation
Structural Aspects of Libyan Localism
A Century of Turmoil, 1911-2011
What Is A Libyan Tribe?
The Myth of the Marginalized Cities and Regions
The Irruption of Localism in 2011
A Local Civil War in the Western/Nafusa Mountains
Misrata: Rise of a Revolutionary Bulwark
Bani Walid: Loyalism and Victimization
Tobruk: Revolution at the Margins
Conclusion: Violence and the Formation of New Political Communities

SOCIAL EMBEDDEDNESS AND VIOLENT CONFLICT (2012-15)

Resocializing Armed Groups
Social Embeddedness versus Formalization
Social Embeddedness and Transformation in Libya's Conflicts
Misrata: Power Politics and Social Embeddedness
Western/Nafusa Mountains: Militia Conglomerates and Community Security
Bani Walid: The Difficult Path to Local Cohesion.
Tobruk: The Backwater
Elsewhere: The Reign of Militias
Conclusion

THE PROCESS OF FRAGMENTATION (2015-2019)

Is Fragmentation a Game?
Changes in Strategic Conditions, 2011-2019
Trajectories of Fragmentation
Misrata: Social Cohesion, Political Fragmentation
Western/Nafusa Mountains: Zintan, from Corporatism to Fragmentation
Bani Walid: Restoring Cohesion through Self-Isolation
Tobruk: The Rise of Haftar
Conclusion

CONCLUSION

How Civil Wars Erupt: Onset vs. Escalation
Processes in Violent Conflict: Social Transformation and Strategic Conditions
Fragmentation and Cohesion
What Explains Deep Social Embeddedness, and What Are Its Implications?
From Fragmentation to Consolidation
The Libyan Predicament
Annex: List of Interviews
Publication bibliography

Index