Douglas Southall Freeman was born in Lynchburg, Virginia, in 1886, the son of a Confederate soldier. After receiving a Ph.D. in history from Johns Hopkins University at the age of twenty-two, he embarked on a newspaper career. He was named the editor of the Richmond News Leader at the age of twenty-nine, a post he would hold for thirty-four years. In 1915, Freeman was commissioned by Scribner's to write a one-volume biography of Robert E. Lee; twenty years of work later, his four-volume R. E. Lee won the Pulitzer Prize. The three volumes of Lee's Lieutenants took him a relatively modest eight years to complete. He won another Pulitzer Prize for his six-volume biography of George Washington, which he finished only hours before his death in 1953.

CONTENTS

Introduction

"Dramatis Personæ"

I. Much Pomp Ends in Humiliation

II. As if a Second Jackson Had Come

III. Longstreet Develops a Theory

IV. The Price of 125 Wagons

V. Promise of Another Triumph

VI Ewell Cannot Reach a Decision

VII. The Army Slips Back a Year

VIII. Longstreet's Bitterest Day

IX. "Jackson Is Not Here"

X. The Price of Gettysburg

XI. The Cavalry Are Reshuffled

XII. The Detachment of Longstreet

XIII. Longstreet and Hill in Distress

XIV. "Jeb" Stuart's New Adventures

XV. "Jube" Early's Bad Days and Good

XVI. Longstreet Is Weighed

XVII. Winter Tests Temper

XVIII. The Wilderness Takes Its Toll

XIX. The Advantage of an Early Start

XX. From Mule Shoe to Bloody Angle

XXI. "I Had Rather Die Than Be Whipped"

XXII. The Debits and Credits of May

XXIII. A New Struggle for the Railroads

XXIV. Beauregard Plans Again (Style of 1861)

XXV. The End of the Old Organization

XXVI. Three More Federal Diversions

XXVII. Toward Immobilized Command

XXVIII. Attrition in a Changed Army

XXIX. "Jube" Early Gambles at Long Odds

XXX. The Darkening Autumn of Command

XXXI. Discipline and Desertion

XXXII. The Last Attempt at Grand Strategy

XXXIII. Pickett and Pegram: A Closing Contrast

XXXIV. The Collapse of Command

XXXV. The Black Days of the Army

XXXVI. The Army Sees a Red Western Sky

XXXVII. Appomattox: Exeunt Omnes

APPENDICES

I. Reconnaissance on the Confederate Right, July 2, 1863

II. Organization of the Federal Left at Gettysburg, July 1-2, 1863

III. Cause of Death of Maj. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart

IV. Personnel Surrendered at and Near Appomattox

V. The Careers of Lee's Lieutenants after Appomattox

Short Title Index

Acknowledgments

Selected Critical Bibliography

Index