CHAPTER 1 GRAPHICS SYSTEMS AND MODELS 1

1.1 Applications of Computer Graphics 2

1.1.1 Display of Information 2

1.1.2 Design 3

1.1.3 Simulation and Animation 3

1.1.4 User Interfaces 4

1.2 A Graphics System 5

1.2.1 Pixels and the Framebuffer 5

1.2.2 The CPU and the GPU 6

1.2.3 Output Devices 7

1.2.4 Input Devices 9

1.3 Images: Physical and Synthetic 10

1.3.1 Objects and Viewers 10

1.3.2 Light and Images 12

1.3.3 Imaging Models 13

1.4 Imaging Systems 15

1.4.1 The Pinhole Camera 15

1.4.2 The Human Visual System 17

1.5 The Synthetic-Camera Model 18

1.6 The Programmer's Interface 20

1.6.1 The Pen-Plotter Model 21

1.6.2 Three-Dimensional APIs 23

1.6.3 A Sequence of Images 26

1.6.4 The Modeling-Rendering Paradigm 27

1.7 Graphics Architectures 28

1.7.1 Display Processors 29

1.7.2 Pipeline Architectures 29

1.7.3 The Graphics Pipeline 30

1.7.4 Vertex Processing 31

1.7.5 Clipping and Primitive Assembly 31

1.7.6 Rasterization 32

1.7.7 Fragment Processing 32

1.8 Programmable Pipelines 32

1.9 Performance Characteristics 33

1.10 OpenGL Versions and WebGL 34

Summary and Notes 36

Suggested Readings 36

Exercises 37

CHAPTER 2 GRAPHICS PROGRAMMING 39

2.1 The Sierpinski Gasket 39

2.2 Programming Two-Dimensional Applications 42

2.3 The WebGL Application Programming Interface 47

2.3.1 Graphics Functions 47

2.3.2 The Graphics Pipeline and State Machines 49

2.3.3 OpenGL and WebGL 50

2.3.4 The WebGL Interface 50

2.3.5 Coordinate Systems 51

2.4 Primitives and Attributes 53

2.4.1 Polygon Basics 55

2.4.2 Polygons in WebGL 56

2.4.3 Approximating a Sphere 57

2.4.4 Triangulation 58

2.4.5 Text 59

2.4.6 Curved Objects 60

2.4.7 Attributes 61

2.5 Color 62

2.5.1 RGB Color 64

2.5.2 Indexed Color 66

2.5.3 Setting of Color Attributes 67

2.6 Viewing 68

2.6.1 The Orthographic View 68

2.6.2 Two-Dimensional Viewing 71

2.7 Control Functions 71

2.7.1 Interaction with the Window System 72

2.7.2 Aspect Ratio and Viewports 73

2.7.3 Application Organization 74

2.8 The Gasket Program 75

2.8.1 Sending Data to the GPU 78

2.8.2 Rendering the Points 78

2.8.3 The Vertex Shader 79

2.8.4 The Fragment Shader 80

2.8.5 Combining the Parts 80

2.8.6 The initShaders Function 81

2.8.7 The init Function 82

2.8.8 Reading the Shaders from the Application 83

2.9 Polygons and Recursion 83

2.10 The Three-Dimensional Gasket 86

2.10.1 Use of Three-Dimensional Points 86

2.10.2 Naming Conventions 88

2.10.3 Use of Polygons in Three Dimensions 88

2.10.4 Hidden-Surface Removal 91

Summary and Notes 93

Suggested Readings 94

Exercises 95

CHAPTER 3 INTERACTION AND ANIMATION 99

3.1 Animation 99

3.1.1 The Rotating Square 100

3.1.2 The Display Process 102

3.1.3 Double Buffering 103

3.1.4 Using a Timer 104

3.1.5 Using setAnimFrame 105

3.2 Interaction 106

3.3 Input Devices 107

3.4 Physical Input Devices 108

3.4.1 Keyboard Codes 108

3.4.2 The Light Pen 109

3.4.3 The Mouse and the Trackball 109

3.4.4 Data Tablets,Touch Pads, and Touch Screens 110

3.4.5 The Joystick 111

3.4.6 Multidimensional Input Devices 111

3.4.7 Logical Devices 112

3.4.8 Input Modes 113

3.5 Clients and Servers 115

3.6 Programming Event-Driven Input 116

3.6.1 Events and Event Listeners 117

3.6.2 Adding a Button 117

3.6.3 Menus 119

3.6.4 Using Keycodes 120

3.6.5 Sliders 121

3.7 Position Input 122

3.8 Window Events 123

3.9 Picking 125