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PART I:Fundamental principles4
Objectives4
CHAPTER 1:Introduction to hydraulic control technology6
Historical perspective7
Fluid power symbology and its evolution12
Common ISO Symbols16
Problems25
CHAPTER 2:Hydraulic fluids28
Ideal vs. Actual hydraulic fluids28
Classification of hydraulic fluids31
Mineral oils (H)32
Fire resistant fluids (HF)33
Synthetic fluids (HS)34
Environmentally friendly fluids34
Water hydraulics34
Comparisons between hydraulic fluids35
Physical properties of hydraulic fluids36
Fluid compressibility: Bulk Modulus
Fluid density38
Fluid viscosity42
Viscosity as a function of temperature43
Viscosity as a function of pressure47
Entrained air, gas solubility and cavitation48
Entrained air48
Gas solubility48
Equivalent properties of liquid-air mixtures50
Contamination in hydraulic fluids57
Considerations on hydraulic filters59
Filter placement64
Considerations on hydraulic reservoirs68
Tank volume68
Basic design of a tank69
Problems71
CHAPTER 3:Fundamental Equations73
Pascal's law73
Basic law of fluid statics74
Volumetric flow rate77
Conservation of mass80
Application to a hydraulic cylinder81
Bernoulli's Equation84
Generalized Bernoulli's equation85
Major losses calculation87
Minor losses89
Hydraulic resistance90
Stationary modeling of flow networks92
Momentum equation96
Flow forces100
Problems106
CHAPTER 4(*):Orifice Basics111
The orifice equation111
Fixed and variable orifices115
Power loss in orifices117
Parallel and series connection of orifices119
Functions of orifices in hydraulic systems123
Orifices in pressure and return lines123
Orifices in pilot lines126
Problems131
CHAPTER 5:Dynamic Analysis of Hydraulic Systems134
Pressure build-up Equation - hydraulic capacitance134
Fluid inertia Equation - hydraulic inductance140
Modeling flow network - dynamic considerations146
Validity of the lumped parameter approach151
Further considerations on the line impedance model152
Damping effect of hydraulic accumulators153
Problems156
References160
PART II:Main hydraulic components4
Objectives5
CHAPTER 6 (**):Hydrostatic pumps and motors6
Introduction6
The ideal case7
General operating principle9
ISO symbols13
Ideal equations14
The real case16
Losses in pumps and motors17
Fluid compressibility17
Internal and external leakage20
Friction21
Other types of losses23
Volumetric and hydro-mechanical efficiency24
Trends for volumetric and hydromechanical efficiencies28
Design types34
Swashplate type axial piston machines35
Bent axis type axial piston machines38
Radial piston machines39
Gear machines40
Vane type machines43
Problems46
CHAPTER 7(*):Hydraulic cylinders50
Classification50
Cylinder analysis52
Ideal vs. real cylinder55
Problems61
CHAPTER 8(*):Hydraulic control valves63
Spring basics64
Check and shuttle valves65
Check valve65
Pilot operated check valve66
Shuttle valve67
Pressure control valves68
Pressure relief valve68
Direct acting pressure relief valve68
Pilot operated pressure relief valve72
Pressure reducing valve75
Direct acting pressure reducing relieving valve75
Pilot operated pressure reducing valve77
Flow control valves80
Two-way flow control valve80
Fixed displacement pump circuit with a two-way flow control valve83
Three-way flow control valve87
Fixed displacement pump circuit with a three-way flow control valve89
Directional control valves95
Meter-in and meter-out configurations97
Neutral position100
Actuation methods103
Servovalves107
Characteristic of servovalves112
Servovalves vs. proportional valves123
Problems126
CHAPTER 9(*):Hydraulic Accumulators132
Accumulator Types132
Weight loaded accumulators132
Spring-loaded accumulators132
Gas-charged accumulators133
Piston-type accumulators133
Diaphragm-type accumulators134
Bladder-type accumulators135
Operation of gas charged accumulators137
Typical applications138
Energy accumulation138
Emergency supply140
Energy recuperation140
Hydraulic suspensions140
Pulsation dampening - shock attenuation141
Equations and sizing142
Accumulator as energy storage device142
Accumulator as dampening device145
Problems151
References154
PART 3:Actuator control concepts3
Objectives3
CHAPTER 10 (*):Basics of actuator control5
Control methods: speed, force and position control5
Resistive and overrunning loads7
Power flow depending on the load conditions9
Problems11
CHAPTER 11:General concepts for controlling a single actuator13
Supply and control Concepts13
Flow supply - primary control18
Flow supply - metering control19
Flow supply - secondary control21
Pressure supply - primary control21
Pressure supply - metering control23
Pressure supply - secondary control25
Additional remarks26
CHAPTER 12:Regeneration with single rod actuators27
Basic Concept of regeneration27
Actual implementation32
Directional control valve with external regeneration valves32
Directional control valve with regenerative extension position33
Solution with automated selection of the regeneration mode34
Problems36
References38
PART 4:Metering controls for a single actuator3
Objectives3
CHAPTER 13:Fundamentals of metering control5
Basic meter-in and meter-out control principles5
Meter-in control
Extension with resistive loads
Retraction with overrunning loads
Meter-out control10
Extension with resistive loads 14
Retraction with overrunning loads18
Remarks on meter-in and meter-out controls19
Actual metering control components36
Single spool proportional DCVs41
Independent metering control elements38
Usage of anti-cavitation valve for unloaded meter-out51
Problems49
CHAPTER 14:Load holding and counterbalance valves53
Load holding valves53
Pilot operated check valve61
Counterbalance valves60
Basic operating principle67
CBV architecture69
CBV detailed operation72
Effect of the pilot ratio and of the pressure setting83
Counterbalance valve with vented spring chambers85
Problems78
CHAPTER 15:Bleed-off and open center circuits80
Bleed-off circuit operation91
Energy analysis94
Basic open center system97
Operation98
Open center valve design101
Energy analysis102
Advanced open center control architectures106
Negative flow control106
Basic Schematic106
Operation107
Pump displacement setting mechanism110
Positive flow control114
Basic Schematic114
Operation115
Pump displacement setting mechanism115
Energy analysis for advanced open center architectures116
Problems118
CHAPTER 16:Load sensing systems109
Basic load sensing control concept121
LS system with fixed displacement pump122
Basic Schematic122
Operation123
Energy analysis125
Saturation conditions126
Load sensing valve127
LS system with variable displacement pump137
Basic Schematic137
Operation138
Energy analysis139
Saturation conditions140
Load sensing pump148
LS solution with independent metering valves157
Electronic load sensing (E-LS)159
Problems162
CHAPTER 17:Constant pressure systems150
Constant pressure system based on a variable displacement pump163
Basic schematic and operation163
Energy analysis166
Constant pressure system with unloader (CPU)167
Constant pressure system based on a fixed displacement pump170
Basic schematic and operation170
Application to hydraulic braking circuits173
Problems175
References
PART 5:Metering control of multiple actuators3
Objectives3
CHAPTER 18:Basics of multiple Actuator Systems5
Actuators in series and in parallel5
Series configuration6
Parallel configuration8
Elimination of the load interference in parallel actuators12
Solving load interference using compensators12
Solving load interference with a volumetric coupling13
Syncronization of parallel actuators through flow dividers15
Spool type flow divider15
Spool type flow divider-combiner16
Volumetric flow divider-combiner19
Linear flow divider-combiner24
Rotary flow divider-combiner25
Problems23
CHAPTER 19:Constant pressure systems for multiple actuators27
Basic concepts for a Multi-user constant pressure system27
Basic schematic35
Flow saturation36
Energy analysis37
Complete schematic of a multi-user constant pressure system29
Problems33
CHAPTER 20:Open center systems for multiple actuators35
Parallel open center systems36
Operation46
Energy analysis48
Flow saturation49
Considerations on the open center spool design49
Opening...
Objectives4
CHAPTER 1:Introduction to hydraulic control technology6
Historical perspective7
Fluid power symbology and its evolution12
Common ISO Symbols16
Problems25
CHAPTER 2:Hydraulic fluids28
Ideal vs. Actual hydraulic fluids28
Classification of hydraulic fluids31
Mineral oils (H)32
Fire resistant fluids (HF)33
Synthetic fluids (HS)34
Environmentally friendly fluids34
Water hydraulics34
Comparisons between hydraulic fluids35
Physical properties of hydraulic fluids36
Fluid compressibility: Bulk Modulus
Fluid density38
Fluid viscosity42
Viscosity as a function of temperature43
Viscosity as a function of pressure47
Entrained air, gas solubility and cavitation48
Entrained air48
Gas solubility48
Equivalent properties of liquid-air mixtures50
Contamination in hydraulic fluids57
Considerations on hydraulic filters59
Filter placement64
Considerations on hydraulic reservoirs68
Tank volume68
Basic design of a tank69
Problems71
CHAPTER 3:Fundamental Equations73
Pascal's law73
Basic law of fluid statics74
Volumetric flow rate77
Conservation of mass80
Application to a hydraulic cylinder81
Bernoulli's Equation84
Generalized Bernoulli's equation85
Major losses calculation87
Minor losses89
Hydraulic resistance90
Stationary modeling of flow networks92
Momentum equation96
Flow forces100
Problems106
CHAPTER 4(*):Orifice Basics111
The orifice equation111
Fixed and variable orifices115
Power loss in orifices117
Parallel and series connection of orifices119
Functions of orifices in hydraulic systems123
Orifices in pressure and return lines123
Orifices in pilot lines126
Problems131
CHAPTER 5:Dynamic Analysis of Hydraulic Systems134
Pressure build-up Equation - hydraulic capacitance134
Fluid inertia Equation - hydraulic inductance140
Modeling flow network - dynamic considerations146
Validity of the lumped parameter approach151
Further considerations on the line impedance model152
Damping effect of hydraulic accumulators153
Problems156
References160
PART II:Main hydraulic components4
Objectives5
CHAPTER 6 (**):Hydrostatic pumps and motors6
Introduction6
The ideal case7
General operating principle9
ISO symbols13
Ideal equations14
The real case16
Losses in pumps and motors17
Fluid compressibility17
Internal and external leakage20
Friction21
Other types of losses23
Volumetric and hydro-mechanical efficiency24
Trends for volumetric and hydromechanical efficiencies28
Design types34
Swashplate type axial piston machines35
Bent axis type axial piston machines38
Radial piston machines39
Gear machines40
Vane type machines43
Problems46
CHAPTER 7(*):Hydraulic cylinders50
Classification50
Cylinder analysis52
Ideal vs. real cylinder55
Problems61
CHAPTER 8(*):Hydraulic control valves63
Spring basics64
Check and shuttle valves65
Check valve65
Pilot operated check valve66
Shuttle valve67
Pressure control valves68
Pressure relief valve68
Direct acting pressure relief valve68
Pilot operated pressure relief valve72
Pressure reducing valve75
Direct acting pressure reducing relieving valve75
Pilot operated pressure reducing valve77
Flow control valves80
Two-way flow control valve80
Fixed displacement pump circuit with a two-way flow control valve83
Three-way flow control valve87
Fixed displacement pump circuit with a three-way flow control valve89
Directional control valves95
Meter-in and meter-out configurations97
Neutral position100
Actuation methods103
Servovalves107
Characteristic of servovalves112
Servovalves vs. proportional valves123
Problems126
CHAPTER 9(*):Hydraulic Accumulators132
Accumulator Types132
Weight loaded accumulators132
Spring-loaded accumulators132
Gas-charged accumulators133
Piston-type accumulators133
Diaphragm-type accumulators134
Bladder-type accumulators135
Operation of gas charged accumulators137
Typical applications138
Energy accumulation138
Emergency supply140
Energy recuperation140
Hydraulic suspensions140
Pulsation dampening - shock attenuation141
Equations and sizing142
Accumulator as energy storage device142
Accumulator as dampening device145
Problems151
References154
PART 3:Actuator control concepts3
Objectives3
CHAPTER 10 (*):Basics of actuator control5
Control methods: speed, force and position control5
Resistive and overrunning loads7
Power flow depending on the load conditions9
Problems11
CHAPTER 11:General concepts for controlling a single actuator13
Supply and control Concepts13
Flow supply - primary control18
Flow supply - metering control19
Flow supply - secondary control21
Pressure supply - primary control21
Pressure supply - metering control23
Pressure supply - secondary control25
Additional remarks26
CHAPTER 12:Regeneration with single rod actuators27
Basic Concept of regeneration27
Actual implementation32
Directional control valve with external regeneration valves32
Directional control valve with regenerative extension position33
Solution with automated selection of the regeneration mode34
Problems36
References38
PART 4:Metering controls for a single actuator3
Objectives3
CHAPTER 13:Fundamentals of metering control5
Basic meter-in and meter-out control principles5
Meter-in control
Extension with resistive loads
Retraction with overrunning loads
Meter-out control10
Extension with resistive loads 14
Retraction with overrunning loads18
Remarks on meter-in and meter-out controls19
Actual metering control components36
Single spool proportional DCVs41
Independent metering control elements38
Usage of anti-cavitation valve for unloaded meter-out51
Problems49
CHAPTER 14:Load holding and counterbalance valves53
Load holding valves53
Pilot operated check valve61
Counterbalance valves60
Basic operating principle67
CBV architecture69
CBV detailed operation72
Effect of the pilot ratio and of the pressure setting83
Counterbalance valve with vented spring chambers85
Problems78
CHAPTER 15:Bleed-off and open center circuits80
Bleed-off circuit operation91
Energy analysis94
Basic open center system97
Operation98
Open center valve design101
Energy analysis102
Advanced open center control architectures106
Negative flow control106
Basic Schematic106
Operation107
Pump displacement setting mechanism110
Positive flow control114
Basic Schematic114
Operation115
Pump displacement setting mechanism115
Energy analysis for advanced open center architectures116
Problems118
CHAPTER 16:Load sensing systems109
Basic load sensing control concept121
LS system with fixed displacement pump122
Basic Schematic122
Operation123
Energy analysis125
Saturation conditions126
Load sensing valve127
LS system with variable displacement pump137
Basic Schematic137
Operation138
Energy analysis139
Saturation conditions140
Load sensing pump148
LS solution with independent metering valves157
Electronic load sensing (E-LS)159
Problems162
CHAPTER 17:Constant pressure systems150
Constant pressure system based on a variable displacement pump163
Basic schematic and operation163
Energy analysis166
Constant pressure system with unloader (CPU)167
Constant pressure system based on a fixed displacement pump170
Basic schematic and operation170
Application to hydraulic braking circuits173
Problems175
References
PART 5:Metering control of multiple actuators3
Objectives3
CHAPTER 18:Basics of multiple Actuator Systems5
Actuators in series and in parallel5
Series configuration6
Parallel configuration8
Elimination of the load interference in parallel actuators12
Solving load interference using compensators12
Solving load interference with a volumetric coupling13
Syncronization of parallel actuators through flow dividers15
Spool type flow divider15
Spool type flow divider-combiner16
Volumetric flow divider-combiner19
Linear flow divider-combiner24
Rotary flow divider-combiner25
Problems23
CHAPTER 19:Constant pressure systems for multiple actuators27
Basic concepts for a Multi-user constant pressure system27
Basic schematic35
Flow saturation36
Energy analysis37
Complete schematic of a multi-user constant pressure system29
Problems33
CHAPTER 20:Open center systems for multiple actuators35
Parallel open center systems36
Operation46
Energy analysis48
Flow saturation49
Considerations on the open center spool design49
Opening...
PART I:Fundamental principles4
Objectives4
CHAPTER 1:Introduction to hydraulic control technology6
Historical perspective7
Fluid power symbology and its evolution12
Common ISO Symbols16
Problems25
CHAPTER 2:Hydraulic fluids28
Ideal vs. Actual hydraulic fluids28
Classification of hydraulic fluids31
Mineral oils (H)32
Fire resistant fluids (HF)33
Synthetic fluids (HS)34
Environmentally friendly fluids34
Water hydraulics34
Comparisons between hydraulic fluids35
Physical properties of hydraulic fluids36
Fluid compressibility: Bulk Modulus
Fluid density38
Fluid viscosity42
Viscosity as a function of temperature43
Viscosity as a function of pressure47
Entrained air, gas solubility and cavitation48
Entrained air48
Gas solubility48
Equivalent properties of liquid-air mixtures50
Contamination in hydraulic fluids57
Considerations on hydraulic filters59
Filter placement64
Considerations on hydraulic reservoirs68
Tank volume68
Basic design of a tank69
Problems71
CHAPTER 3:Fundamental Equations73
Pascal's law73
Basic law of fluid statics74
Volumetric flow rate77
Conservation of mass80
Application to a hydraulic cylinder81
Bernoulli's Equation84
Generalized Bernoulli's equation85
Major losses calculation87
Minor losses89
Hydraulic resistance90
Stationary modeling of flow networks92
Momentum equation96
Flow forces100
Problems106
CHAPTER 4(*):Orifice Basics111
The orifice equation111
Fixed and variable orifices115
Power loss in orifices117
Parallel and series connection of orifices119
Functions of orifices in hydraulic systems123
Orifices in pressure and return lines123
Orifices in pilot lines126
Problems131
CHAPTER 5:Dynamic Analysis of Hydraulic Systems134
Pressure build-up Equation - hydraulic capacitance134
Fluid inertia Equation - hydraulic inductance140
Modeling flow network - dynamic considerations146
Validity of the lumped parameter approach151
Further considerations on the line impedance model152
Damping effect of hydraulic accumulators153
Problems156
References160
PART II:Main hydraulic components4
Objectives5
CHAPTER 6 (**):Hydrostatic pumps and motors6
Introduction6
The ideal case7
General operating principle9
ISO symbols13
Ideal equations14
The real case16
Losses in pumps and motors17
Fluid compressibility17
Internal and external leakage20
Friction21
Other types of losses23
Volumetric and hydro-mechanical efficiency24
Trends for volumetric and hydromechanical efficiencies28
Design types34
Swashplate type axial piston machines35
Bent axis type axial piston machines38
Radial piston machines39
Gear machines40
Vane type machines43
Problems46
CHAPTER 7(*):Hydraulic cylinders50
Classification50
Cylinder analysis52
Ideal vs. real cylinder55
Problems61
CHAPTER 8(*):Hydraulic control valves63
Spring basics64
Check and shuttle valves65
Check valve65
Pilot operated check valve66
Shuttle valve67
Pressure control valves68
Pressure relief valve68
Direct acting pressure relief valve68
Pilot operated pressure relief valve72
Pressure reducing valve75
Direct acting pressure reducing relieving valve75
Pilot operated pressure reducing valve77
Flow control valves80
Two-way flow control valve80
Fixed displacement pump circuit with a two-way flow control valve83
Three-way flow control valve87
Fixed displacement pump circuit with a three-way flow control valve89
Directional control valves95
Meter-in and meter-out configurations97
Neutral position100
Actuation methods103
Servovalves107
Characteristic of servovalves112
Servovalves vs. proportional valves123
Problems126
CHAPTER 9(*):Hydraulic Accumulators132
Accumulator Types132
Weight loaded accumulators132
Spring-loaded accumulators132
Gas-charged accumulators133
Piston-type accumulators133
Diaphragm-type accumulators134
Bladder-type accumulators135
Operation of gas charged accumulators137
Typical applications138
Energy accumulation138
Emergency supply140
Energy recuperation140
Hydraulic suspensions140
Pulsation dampening - shock attenuation141
Equations and sizing142
Accumulator as energy storage device142
Accumulator as dampening device145
Problems151
References154
PART 3:Actuator control concepts3
Objectives3
CHAPTER 10 (*):Basics of actuator control5
Control methods: speed, force and position control5
Resistive and overrunning loads7
Power flow depending on the load conditions9
Problems11
CHAPTER 11:General concepts for controlling a single actuator13
Supply and control Concepts13
Flow supply - primary control18
Flow supply - metering control19
Flow supply - secondary control21
Pressure supply - primary control21
Pressure supply - metering control23
Pressure supply - secondary control25
Additional remarks26
CHAPTER 12:Regeneration with single rod actuators27
Basic Concept of regeneration27
Actual implementation32
Directional control valve with external regeneration valves32
Directional control valve with regenerative extension position33
Solution with automated selection of the regeneration mode34
Problems36
References38
PART 4:Metering controls for a single actuator3
Objectives3
CHAPTER 13:Fundamentals of metering control5
Basic meter-in and meter-out control principles5
Meter-in control
Extension with resistive loads
Retraction with overrunning loads
Meter-out control10
Extension with resistive loads 14
Retraction with overrunning loads18
Remarks on meter-in and meter-out controls19
Actual metering control components36
Single spool proportional DCVs41
Independent metering control elements38
Usage of anti-cavitation valve for unloaded meter-out51
Problems49
CHAPTER 14:Load holding and counterbalance valves53
Load holding valves53
Pilot operated check valve61
Counterbalance valves60
Basic operating principle67
CBV architecture69
CBV detailed operation72
Effect of the pilot ratio and of the pressure setting83
Counterbalance valve with vented spring chambers85
Problems78
CHAPTER 15:Bleed-off and open center circuits80
Bleed-off circuit operation91
Energy analysis94
Basic open center system97
Operation98
Open center valve design101
Energy analysis102
Advanced open center control architectures106
Negative flow control106
Basic Schematic106
Operation107
Pump displacement setting mechanism110
Positive flow control114
Basic Schematic114
Operation115
Pump displacement setting mechanism115
Energy analysis for advanced open center architectures116
Problems118
CHAPTER 16:Load sensing systems109
Basic load sensing control concept121
LS system with fixed displacement pump122
Basic Schematic122
Operation123
Energy analysis125
Saturation conditions126
Load sensing valve127
LS system with variable displacement pump137
Basic Schematic137
Operation138
Energy analysis139
Saturation conditions140
Load sensing pump148
LS solution with independent metering valves157
Electronic load sensing (E-LS)159
Problems162
CHAPTER 17:Constant pressure systems150
Constant pressure system based on a variable displacement pump163
Basic schematic and operation163
Energy analysis166
Constant pressure system with unloader (CPU)167
Constant pressure system based on a fixed displacement pump170
Basic schematic and operation170
Application to hydraulic braking circuits173
Problems175
References
PART 5:Metering control of multiple actuators3
Objectives3
CHAPTER 18:Basics of multiple Actuator Systems5
Actuators in series and in parallel5
Series configuration6
Parallel configuration8
Elimination of the load interference in parallel actuators12
Solving load interference using compensators12
Solving load interference with a volumetric coupling13
Syncronization of parallel actuators through flow dividers15
Spool type flow divider15
Spool type flow divider-combiner16
Volumetric flow divider-combiner19
Linear flow divider-combiner24
Rotary flow divider-combiner25
Problems23
CHAPTER 19:Constant pressure systems for multiple actuators27
Basic concepts for a Multi-user constant pressure system27
Basic schematic35
Flow saturation36
Energy analysis37
Complete schematic of a multi-user constant pressure system29
Problems33
CHAPTER 20:Open center systems for multiple actuators35
Parallel open center systems36
Operation46
Energy analysis48
Flow saturation49
Considerations on the open center spool design49
Opening...
Objectives4
CHAPTER 1:Introduction to hydraulic control technology6
Historical perspective7
Fluid power symbology and its evolution12
Common ISO Symbols16
Problems25
CHAPTER 2:Hydraulic fluids28
Ideal vs. Actual hydraulic fluids28
Classification of hydraulic fluids31
Mineral oils (H)32
Fire resistant fluids (HF)33
Synthetic fluids (HS)34
Environmentally friendly fluids34
Water hydraulics34
Comparisons between hydraulic fluids35
Physical properties of hydraulic fluids36
Fluid compressibility: Bulk Modulus
Fluid density38
Fluid viscosity42
Viscosity as a function of temperature43
Viscosity as a function of pressure47
Entrained air, gas solubility and cavitation48
Entrained air48
Gas solubility48
Equivalent properties of liquid-air mixtures50
Contamination in hydraulic fluids57
Considerations on hydraulic filters59
Filter placement64
Considerations on hydraulic reservoirs68
Tank volume68
Basic design of a tank69
Problems71
CHAPTER 3:Fundamental Equations73
Pascal's law73
Basic law of fluid statics74
Volumetric flow rate77
Conservation of mass80
Application to a hydraulic cylinder81
Bernoulli's Equation84
Generalized Bernoulli's equation85
Major losses calculation87
Minor losses89
Hydraulic resistance90
Stationary modeling of flow networks92
Momentum equation96
Flow forces100
Problems106
CHAPTER 4(*):Orifice Basics111
The orifice equation111
Fixed and variable orifices115
Power loss in orifices117
Parallel and series connection of orifices119
Functions of orifices in hydraulic systems123
Orifices in pressure and return lines123
Orifices in pilot lines126
Problems131
CHAPTER 5:Dynamic Analysis of Hydraulic Systems134
Pressure build-up Equation - hydraulic capacitance134
Fluid inertia Equation - hydraulic inductance140
Modeling flow network - dynamic considerations146
Validity of the lumped parameter approach151
Further considerations on the line impedance model152
Damping effect of hydraulic accumulators153
Problems156
References160
PART II:Main hydraulic components4
Objectives5
CHAPTER 6 (**):Hydrostatic pumps and motors6
Introduction6
The ideal case7
General operating principle9
ISO symbols13
Ideal equations14
The real case16
Losses in pumps and motors17
Fluid compressibility17
Internal and external leakage20
Friction21
Other types of losses23
Volumetric and hydro-mechanical efficiency24
Trends for volumetric and hydromechanical efficiencies28
Design types34
Swashplate type axial piston machines35
Bent axis type axial piston machines38
Radial piston machines39
Gear machines40
Vane type machines43
Problems46
CHAPTER 7(*):Hydraulic cylinders50
Classification50
Cylinder analysis52
Ideal vs. real cylinder55
Problems61
CHAPTER 8(*):Hydraulic control valves63
Spring basics64
Check and shuttle valves65
Check valve65
Pilot operated check valve66
Shuttle valve67
Pressure control valves68
Pressure relief valve68
Direct acting pressure relief valve68
Pilot operated pressure relief valve72
Pressure reducing valve75
Direct acting pressure reducing relieving valve75
Pilot operated pressure reducing valve77
Flow control valves80
Two-way flow control valve80
Fixed displacement pump circuit with a two-way flow control valve83
Three-way flow control valve87
Fixed displacement pump circuit with a three-way flow control valve89
Directional control valves95
Meter-in and meter-out configurations97
Neutral position100
Actuation methods103
Servovalves107
Characteristic of servovalves112
Servovalves vs. proportional valves123
Problems126
CHAPTER 9(*):Hydraulic Accumulators132
Accumulator Types132
Weight loaded accumulators132
Spring-loaded accumulators132
Gas-charged accumulators133
Piston-type accumulators133
Diaphragm-type accumulators134
Bladder-type accumulators135
Operation of gas charged accumulators137
Typical applications138
Energy accumulation138
Emergency supply140
Energy recuperation140
Hydraulic suspensions140
Pulsation dampening - shock attenuation141
Equations and sizing142
Accumulator as energy storage device142
Accumulator as dampening device145
Problems151
References154
PART 3:Actuator control concepts3
Objectives3
CHAPTER 10 (*):Basics of actuator control5
Control methods: speed, force and position control5
Resistive and overrunning loads7
Power flow depending on the load conditions9
Problems11
CHAPTER 11:General concepts for controlling a single actuator13
Supply and control Concepts13
Flow supply - primary control18
Flow supply - metering control19
Flow supply - secondary control21
Pressure supply - primary control21
Pressure supply - metering control23
Pressure supply - secondary control25
Additional remarks26
CHAPTER 12:Regeneration with single rod actuators27
Basic Concept of regeneration27
Actual implementation32
Directional control valve with external regeneration valves32
Directional control valve with regenerative extension position33
Solution with automated selection of the regeneration mode34
Problems36
References38
PART 4:Metering controls for a single actuator3
Objectives3
CHAPTER 13:Fundamentals of metering control5
Basic meter-in and meter-out control principles5
Meter-in control
Extension with resistive loads
Retraction with overrunning loads
Meter-out control10
Extension with resistive loads 14
Retraction with overrunning loads18
Remarks on meter-in and meter-out controls19
Actual metering control components36
Single spool proportional DCVs41
Independent metering control elements38
Usage of anti-cavitation valve for unloaded meter-out51
Problems49
CHAPTER 14:Load holding and counterbalance valves53
Load holding valves53
Pilot operated check valve61
Counterbalance valves60
Basic operating principle67
CBV architecture69
CBV detailed operation72
Effect of the pilot ratio and of the pressure setting83
Counterbalance valve with vented spring chambers85
Problems78
CHAPTER 15:Bleed-off and open center circuits80
Bleed-off circuit operation91
Energy analysis94
Basic open center system97
Operation98
Open center valve design101
Energy analysis102
Advanced open center control architectures106
Negative flow control106
Basic Schematic106
Operation107
Pump displacement setting mechanism110
Positive flow control114
Basic Schematic114
Operation115
Pump displacement setting mechanism115
Energy analysis for advanced open center architectures116
Problems118
CHAPTER 16:Load sensing systems109
Basic load sensing control concept121
LS system with fixed displacement pump122
Basic Schematic122
Operation123
Energy analysis125
Saturation conditions126
Load sensing valve127
LS system with variable displacement pump137
Basic Schematic137
Operation138
Energy analysis139
Saturation conditions140
Load sensing pump148
LS solution with independent metering valves157
Electronic load sensing (E-LS)159
Problems162
CHAPTER 17:Constant pressure systems150
Constant pressure system based on a variable displacement pump163
Basic schematic and operation163
Energy analysis166
Constant pressure system with unloader (CPU)167
Constant pressure system based on a fixed displacement pump170
Basic schematic and operation170
Application to hydraulic braking circuits173
Problems175
References
PART 5:Metering control of multiple actuators3
Objectives3
CHAPTER 18:Basics of multiple Actuator Systems5
Actuators in series and in parallel5
Series configuration6
Parallel configuration8
Elimination of the load interference in parallel actuators12
Solving load interference using compensators12
Solving load interference with a volumetric coupling13
Syncronization of parallel actuators through flow dividers15
Spool type flow divider15
Spool type flow divider-combiner16
Volumetric flow divider-combiner19
Linear flow divider-combiner24
Rotary flow divider-combiner25
Problems23
CHAPTER 19:Constant pressure systems for multiple actuators27
Basic concepts for a Multi-user constant pressure system27
Basic schematic35
Flow saturation36
Energy analysis37
Complete schematic of a multi-user constant pressure system29
Problems33
CHAPTER 20:Open center systems for multiple actuators35
Parallel open center systems36
Operation46
Energy analysis48
Flow saturation49
Considerations on the open center spool design49
Opening...
Details
Erscheinungsjahr: | 2021 |
---|---|
Fachbereich: | Fertigungstechnik |
Genre: | Technik |
Rubrik: | Naturwissenschaften & Technik |
Medium: | Buch |
Inhalt: | 704 S. |
ISBN-13: | 9781119569114 |
ISBN-10: | 1119569117 |
Sprache: | Englisch |
Einband: | Gebunden |
Autor: | Vacca, Andrea/Franzoni, Germano |
Auflage: | 1/2021 |
Hersteller: | Wiley-VCH GmbH |
Verantwortliche Person für die EU: | Wiley-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, product-safety@wiley.com |
Maße: | 262 x 185 x 40 mm |
Von/Mit: | Andrea/Franzoni, Germano Vacca |
Erscheinungsdatum: | 13.05.2021 |
Gewicht: | 1,442 kg |
Details
Erscheinungsjahr: | 2021 |
---|---|
Fachbereich: | Fertigungstechnik |
Genre: | Technik |
Rubrik: | Naturwissenschaften & Technik |
Medium: | Buch |
Inhalt: | 704 S. |
ISBN-13: | 9781119569114 |
ISBN-10: | 1119569117 |
Sprache: | Englisch |
Einband: | Gebunden |
Autor: | Vacca, Andrea/Franzoni, Germano |
Auflage: | 1/2021 |
Hersteller: | Wiley-VCH GmbH |
Verantwortliche Person für die EU: | Wiley-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, product-safety@wiley.com |
Maße: | 262 x 185 x 40 mm |
Von/Mit: | Andrea/Franzoni, Germano Vacca |
Erscheinungsdatum: | 13.05.2021 |
Gewicht: | 1,442 kg |
Sicherheitshinweis