Preface; Part I. Estrogens and Cognition: 1. Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) program; 2. Identifying risk-factors for cognitive change in the Women's Health Initiative; 3. Estrogen therapy - relationship to longevity and prevalent dementia in the oldest-old; 4. The critical window hypothesis: hormone exposures and cognitive outcomes after menopause; 5. Animal studies that support estrogen effects on cognitive performance and the cholinergic basis of the critical period hypothesis; Part II. Varieties of Estrogenic Therapy: 6. The healthy cell bias of estrogen action through regulating glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function; 7. Alternative estrogenic treatment regimes and the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study-Cognitive and Affective Substudy (KEEPS-CA); 8. The use of transdermal 17-estradiol in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease; 9. Alternative modes of treatment: pulsatile estradiol treatment; 10. In search of estrogen alternatives for the brain; Part III. Potential Modulators and Modifiers of Estrogenic Effects: 11. Progesterone regulation of neuroprotective estrogen actions; 12. Clinical data of estrogen's effects in the central nervous system; 13. Different forms of soy processing may determine the positive or negative impact on cognitive function of Indonesian elderly; 14. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in aging women; Part IV. Possible Genetic Factors Related to Hormone Treatment Effects: 15. Possible genetic polymorphisms related to sex steroid metabolism and dementia in women; 16. Genetics related to sex steroids: implications for Alzheimer's disease; 17. Apolipoprotein E, hormone therapy and neuroprotection; 18. Testosterone, gonadotrophins and genetic polymorphisms in men with Alzheimer's disease; Part V. Testosterone, Estradiol and Men, and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin: 19. Androgens and cognitive functioning in women; 20. The role of estradiol in testosterone treatment; 21. Endogenous testosterone levels and cognitive aging in men; 22. Clinical trials and neuroimaging studies of testosterone in men: insights into effects on verbal memory; 23. Testosterone therapy and Alzheimer's disease: potential for treatment and prevention in women; 24. Endogenous estradiol and dementia in elderly men: the roles of vascular risk, sex hormone binding globulin, and aromatase activity; 25. Testosterone regulates Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis; Part VI. Gonadotropin Effects: 26. Involvement of gonadotropins in cognitive function: implications for Alzheimer's disease; 27. The role of gonadotropins and testosterone in the regulation of beta amyloid metabolism; 28. Epilogue; 29. Concluding remarks; Index.