Preface xv

Acknowledgments xvii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Beginning of Wireless 1

1.2 Current Radio Spectrum 4

1.3 Conventions Used in This Text 8

Sections 8

Equations 8

Figures 8

Exercises 8

Symbols 8

Prefixes 10

Fonts 10

1.4 Vectors and Coordinates 11

1.5 General Constants and Useful Conversions 14

2 Review of AC Analysis and Network Simulation 16

2.1 Basic Circuit Elements 16

The Resistor 16

Ohm's Law 18

The Inductor 19

The Capacitor 20

2.2 Kirchhoff's Laws 22

2.3 Alternating Current (AC) Analysis 23

Ohm's Law in Complex Form 26

2.4 Voltage and Current Phasors 26

2.5 Impedance 28

Estimating Reactance 28

Addition of Series Impedances 29

2.6 Admittance 30

Admittance Definition 30

Addition of Parallel Admittances 30

The Product over the Sum 32

2.7 LLFPB Networks 33

2.8 Decibels, dBW, and dBm 33

Logarithms (Logs) 33

Multiplying by Adding Logs 34

Dividing by Subtracting Logs 34

Zero Powers 34

Bel Scale 34

Decibel Scale 35

Decibels--Relative Measures 35

Absolute Power Levels--dBm and dBW 37

Decibel Power Scales 38

2.9 Power Transfer 38

Calculating Power Transfer 38

Maximum Power Transfer 39

2.10 Specifying Loss 40

Insertion Loss 40

Transducer Loss 41

Loss Due to a Series Impedance 42

Loss Due to a Shunt Admittance 43

Loss in Terms of Scattering Parameters 44

2.11 Real RLC Models 44

Resistor with Parasitics 44

Inductor with Parasitics 44

Capacitor with Parasitics 44

2.12 Designing LC Elements 46

Lumped Coils 46

High mu Inductor Cores--the Hysteresis Curve 47

Estimating Wire Inductance 48

Parallel Plate Capacitors 49

2.13 Skin Effect 51

2.14 Network Simulation 53

3 LC Resonance and Matching Networks 59

3.1 LC Resonance 59

3.2 Series Circuit Quality Factors 60

Q of Inductors and Capacitors 60

QE, External Q 61

QL, Loaded Q 62

3.3 Parallel Circuit Quality Factors 62

3.4 Coupled Resonators 63

Direct Coupled Resonators 63

Lightly Coupled Resonators 63

3.5 Q Matching 67

Low to High Resistance 67

Broadbanding the Q Matching Method 70

High to Low Resistance 71

4 Distributed Circuits 78

4.1 Transmission Lines 78

4.2 Wavelength in a Dielectric 81

4.3 Pulses on Transmission Lines 82

4.4 Incident and Reflected Waves 83

4.5 Reflection Coefficient 85

4.6 Return Loss 86

4.7 Mismatch Loss 86

4.8 Mismatch Error 87

4.9 The Telegrapher Equations 91

4.10 Transmission Line Wave Equations 92

4.11 Wave Propagation 94

4.12 Phase and Group Velocities 97

4.13 Reflection Coefficient and Impedance 100

4.14 Impedance Transformation Equation 101

4.15 Impedance Matching with One Transmission Line 108

4.16 Fano's (and Bode's) Limit 109

Type A Mismatched Loads 109

Type B Mismatched Loads 112

Impedance Transformation Not Included 113

5 The Smith Chart 119

5.1 Basis of the Smith Chart 119

5.2 Drawing the Smi