Introduction. Ancient philosophy and science at the crossroads of metaphysics and medicine Colin Guthrie King; Heat, pneuma and soul in the medical tradition Hynek Bartoš; Part I. Early Greek Philosophy and Medicine: 1. Fire, heat and motive force in early Greek philosophy and medicine Gábor Betegh; 2. Parmenides on the soul Shaul Tor; 3. The spirit in the flesh: Empedocles on embodied soul Simon Trépanier; 4. Out of thin air? Diogenes on causal explanation Bryan C. Reece; 5. Soul, life and nutrition in the Timaeus Thomas K. Johansen; 6. De spiritu on heat and its roles in the formation, composition and activities of animals Orly Lewis; Part II. Aristotle: 7. Heat, meteorology and spontaneous generation Malcolm Wilson; 8. Aristotle on 'the nature in the pneuma' and the first body Karel Thein; 9. Aristotle on the powers of thermic equilibrium Tiberiu Popa; 10. Why animals must keep their cool: Aristotle on the need for respiration (and other forms of cooling) James G. Lennox; 11. Soul's tools Jessica Gelber; 12. When life imitates art: vital locomotion and Aristotle's craft analogy Patricio Fernandez and Jorgé Mittelmann; 13. Blood, , or something more solid? Aristotle on the material structure of perceptual apparatus Robert Roreitner; 14. The pathological role of pneuma in Aristotle Patrick Macfarlane.