1 Measurement 1

1-1 Measuring Things, Including Lengths 1

1-2 Time 5

1-3 Mass 6

Review & Summary 8 Problems 8

2 Motion Along a Straight Line 11

2-1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity 11

2-2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 16

2-3 Acceleration 18

2-4 Constant Acceleration 21

2-5 Free-Fall Acceleration 25

2-6 Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis 27

Review & Summary 28 Problems 29

3 Vectors 34

3-1 Vectors and Their Components 34

3-2 Unit Vectors, Adding Vectors By Components 40

3-3 Multiplying Vectors 44

Review & Summary 49 Problems 50

4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 53

4-1 Position and Displacement 53

4-2 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity 55

4-3 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration 58

4-4 Projectile Motion 61

4-5 Uniform Circular Motion 67

4-6 Relative Motion in One Dimension 69

4-7 Relative Motion in Two Dimensions 71

Review & Summary 72 Problems 73

5 Force and Motion-I 79

5-1 Newton's First and Second Laws 79

5-2 Some Particular Forces 87

5-3 Applying Newton's Laws 91

Review & Summary 99 Problems 99

6 Force and Motion-II 104

6-1 Friction 104

6-2 The Drag Force and Terminal Speed 110

6-3 Uniform Circular Motion 113

Review & Summary 118 Problems 119

7 Kinetic Energy and Work 125

7-1 Kinetic Energy 125

7-2 Work and Kinetic Energy 127

7-3 Work Done By The Gravitational Force 131

7-4 Work Done By a Spring Force 135

7-5 Work Done By a General Variable Force 138

7-6 Power 142

Review & Summary 144 Problems 145

8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy 150

8-1 Potential Energy 150

8-2 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 157

8-3 Reading a Potential Energy Curve 160

8-4 Work Done On a System by An External Force 164

8-5 Conservation of Energy 168

Review & Summary 172 Problems 173

9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum 181

9-1 Center of Mass 181

9-2 Newton's Second Law for a System of Particles 187

9-3 Linear Momentum 191

9-4 Collision and Impulse 193

9-5 Conservation of Linear Momentum 197

9-6 Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions 200

9-7 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 204

9-8 Collisions in Two Dimensions 207

9-9 Systems with Varying Mass: a Rocket 208

Review & Summary 210 Problems 212

10 Rotation 217

10-1 Rotational Variables 217

10-2 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration 226

10-3 Relating The Linear and Angular Variables 228

10-4 Kinetic Energy of Rotation 231

10-5 Calculating The Rotational Inertia 233

10-6 Torque 237

10-7 Newton's Second Law For Rotation 239

10-8 Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy 242

Review & Summary 245 Problems 246

11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum 251

11-1 Rolling As Translation and Rotation Combined 251

11-2 Forces and Kinetic Energy of Rolling 254

11-3 The Yo-Yo 257

11-4 Torque Revisited 258

11-5 Angular Momentum 261

11-6 Newton's Second Law in Angular Form 263

11-7 Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body 266

11-8 Conservation of Angular Momentum 268

11-9 Precession of a Gyroscope 273

Review & Summary 274 Problems 275

12 Equilibrium and Elasticity 280

12-1 Equilibrium 280

12-2 Some Examples of Static Equilibrium 285

12-3 Elasticity 291

Review & Summary 296 Problems 296

13 Gravitation 302

13-1 Newton's Law of Gravitation 302

13-2 Gravitation and The Principle of Superposition 305

13-3 Gravitation Near Earth's Surface 307

13-4 Gravitation Inside Earth 310

13-5 Gravitational Potential Energy 312

13-6 Planets and Satellites: Kepler's Laws 316

13-7 Satellites: Orbits and Energy 319

13-8 Einstein and Gravitation 322

Review & Summary 324 Problems 325

14 Fluids 330

14-1 Fluids, Density, and Pressure 330

14-2 Fluids at Rest 332

14-3 Measuring Pressure 336

14-4 Pascal's Principle 337

14-5 Archimedes' Principle 338

14-6 The Equation of Continuity 342

14-7 Bernoulli's Equation 345

Review & Summary 349 Problems 349

15 Oscillations 354

15-1 Simple Harmonic Motion 354

15-2 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 362

15-3 An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator 364

15-4 Pendulums, Circular Motion 365

15-5 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion 371

15-6 Forced Oscillations and Resonance 373

Review & Summary 375 Problems 375

16 Waves-I 380

16-1 Transverse Waves 380

16-2 Wave Speed on a Stretched String 388

16-3 Energy and Power of a Wave Traveling Along a String 390

16-4 The Wave Equation 392

16-5 Interference of Waves 394

16-6 Phasors 398

16-7 Standing Waves and Resonance 401

17 Waves-II 411

17-1 Speed of Sound 411

17-2 Traveling Sound Waves 414

17-3 Interference 417

17-4 Intensity and Sound Level 420

17-5 Sources of Musical Sound 424

17-6 Beats 428

17-7 The Doppler Effect 430

17-8 Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves 435

Review & Summary 436 Problems 437

18 Temperature, Heat, and The First Law of Thermodynamics 442

18-1 Temperature 442

18-2 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 446

18-3 Thermal Expansion 448

18-4 Absorption of Heat 450

18-5 The First Law of Thermodynamics 456

18-6 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 462

Review & Summary 466 Problems 468

19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 472

19-1 Avogadro's Number 472

19-2 Ideal Gases 473

19-3 Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed 477

19-4 Translational Kinetic Energy 480

19-5 Mean Free Path 481

19-6 The Distribution of Molecular Speeds 483

19-7 The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas 487

19-8 Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats 491

19-9 The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas 494

Review & Summary 498 Problems 500

20 Entropy and The Second Law of Thermodynamics 503

20-1 Entropy 503

20-2 Entropy in The Real World: Engines 510

20-3 Refrigerators and Real Engines 515

20-4 A Statistical View of Entropy 518

Review & Summary 522 Problems 523

21 Coulomb's Law 527

21-1 Coulomb's Law 527

21-2 Charge Is Quantized 537

21-3 Charge Is Conserved 539

Review & Summary 540 Problems 541

22 Electric Fields 544

22-1 The Electric Field 544

22-2 The Electric Field Due To a Charged Particle 547

22-3 The Electric Field Due To a Dipole 549

22-4 The Electric Field Due To a Line of Charge 552

22-5 The Electric Field Due To a Charged Disk 557

22-6 A Point Charge in an Electric Field 559

22-7 A Dipole in an Electric Field 561

Review & Summary 564 Problems 565

23 Gauss' Law 569

23-1 Electric Flux 569

23-2 Gauss' Law 574

23-3 A Charged Isolated Conductor 578

23-4 Applying Gauss' Law: Cylindrical Symmetry 581

23-5 Applying Gauss' Law: Planar Symmetry 583

23-6 Applying Gauss' Law: Spherical Symmetry 585

Review & Summary 587 Problems 587

24 Electric Potential 592

24-1 Electric Potential 592

24-2 Equipotential Surfaces and The Electric Field 597

24-3 Potential Due To a Charged Particle 601

24-4 Potential Due To an Electric Dipole 604

24-5 Potential Due To a Continuous Charge Distribution 605

24-6 Calculating The Field From The Potential 608

24-7 Electric Potential Energy of a System of Charged Particles 610

24-8 Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor 613

Review & Summary 614 Problems 615

25 Capacitance 620

25-1 Capacitance 620

25-2 Calculating The Capacitance 622

25-3 Capacitors in Parallel and in Series 626

25-4 Energy Stored in An Electric Field 631

25-5 Capacitor with a Dielectric 634

25-6 Dielectrics and Gauss' Law 638

Review & Summary 641 Problems 641

26 Current and Resistance 646

26-1 Electric Current 646

26-2 Current Density 649

26-3 Resistance and Resistivity 653

26-4 Ohm's Law 657

26-5 Power, Semiconductors, Superconductors 661

Review & Summary 664 Problems 665

27 Circuits 669

27-1 Single-Loop Circuits 669

27-2 Multiloop Circuits 679

27-3 The Ammeter and The Voltmeter 686

27-4 Rc Circuits 686

Review & Summary 691 Problems 691

28 Magnetic Fields 697

28-1 Magnetic Fields and The Definition of B¿ 697

28-2 Crossed Fields: Discovery of The Electron 702

28-3 Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect 704

28-4 A Circulating Charged Particle 708

28-5 Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons 711

28-6 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire 714

28-7 Torque on a Current Loop 716

28-8 The Magnetic Dipole Moment 718

Review & Summary 721 Problems 721

29 Magnetic Fields Due To Currents 726

29-1 Magnetic Field Due To a Current 726

29-2 Force Between Two Parallel Currents 732

29-4 Solenoids and Toroids 738

29-5 A Current-Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole 741

Review & Summary 744 Problems 745