The Editors

DEAN B. ANDROPOULOS, MD, Anesthesiologist-in-Chief, Texas Children's Hospital, and Professor of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

GEORGE A. GREGORY, MD, Professor Emeritus, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA

List of Contributors vii

Preface xii

List of Abbreviations xiii

Part 1 Principles of Pediatric Anesthesia

1 Ethics and Professionalism in Pediatric Anesthesia 1
David B. Waisel

2 History of Pediatric Anesthesia 17
T.C.K. Brown

3 Education in Pediatric Anesthesiology: Practice in the Present with the Future in Mind 45
Stephanie A. Black, Justin L. Lockman, and Alan Jay Schwartz

4 An Introduction to the Ethical Design, Conduct, and Analysis of Pediatric Clinical Trials 56
Myron Yaster, Jeffrey Galinkin, and Mark S. Schreiner

5 Development of the Cardiovascular System 76
Barry D. Kussman and Wanda C. Miller-Hance

6 Developmental Physiology of the Cardiovascular System 100
Dean B. Andropoulos

7 Developmental Physiology of the Respiratory System 120
Roland Neumann, Maria Victoria Fraga, Susan H. Guttentag, Dean B. Andropoulos, and Britta S. von Ungern-Sternberg

8 Developmental Physiology of the Central Nervous System 143
Zoel Quinonez, R. Blaine Easley, Bruno Bissonnette, and Ken M. Brady

9 Developmental Physiology of the Liver, Gastrointestinal Tract, and Renal System 164
Peter N. Bromley, Ellen Rawlinson, Zoe Harclerode, and James Bennett

10 Pharmacology 191
Jean X. Mazoit

11 Fluids, Electrolytes, and Nutrition 226
Peggy McNaull and Adam Suchar

12 Coagulation, Bleeding, and Blood Transfusion 247
Laura A. Downey, Margo R. Rollins, and Bruce E. Miller

13 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 276
Todd J. Kilbaugh, Robert M. Sutton, Ryan Morgan, Alexis A. Topjian, Vinay M. Nadkarni, and Robert A. Berg

Part 2 Pediatric Anesthesia Management

14 Anxiety, Psychological Preparation, Awareness, and Behavior Change 298
Michelle Wright and Mike Sury

15 Principles of the Pediatric Perioperative Surgical Home 312
Lynne Ferrari

16 Pediatric Airway Management 323
John E. Fiadjoe, Paul A. Stricker, and Ronald S. Litman

17 Induction of, Maintenance of, and Emergence from Anesthesia 356
Remek Kocz, James Armstrong, and Jerrold Lerman

18 Postanesthesia Care Unit Management 386
Warwick Ames and Allison Kinder Ross

19 Monitoring and Vascular Access 406
Dean B. Andropoulos

20 Pediatric Regional Anesthesia 444
Claude Ecoffey

Part 3 Practice of Pediatric Anesthesia

21 Anesthesia for Fetal Intervention and Surgery 475
Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Mark Rosen, and Mark D. Rollins

22 Anesthesia for Premature Infants 505
George A. Gregory

23 Anesthesia for the Full-term and Ex-premature Infant 524
Neil S. Morton, Ross Fairgrieve, Anthony Moores, and Ewan Wallace

24 Anesthesia for the Adolescent and Young Adult Patient 548
Rahul G. Baijal and Dean B. Andropoulos

25 Anesthesia for Neurosurgical Procedures 571
Nicholas Carling, Ken M. Brady, Bruno Bissonnette, and R. Blaine Easley

26 Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery 607
Faith Ross, Grant McFadyen, Stefan Budac, Lynn D. Martin, and Michael Richards

27 Anesthesia for Congenital Heart Disease 626
David Whiting, James A. DiNardo, and Kirsten C. Odegard

28 Anesthesia for Non-cardiac Surgery in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease 689
Erin A. Gottlieb

29 Anesthesia for Spinal Surgery in Children 714
Joseph D. Tobias

30 Anesthesia for Transplantation 740
Manchula Navaratnam, Stephen A. Stayer, Glynn Williams, and Dean B. Andropoulos

31 Anesthesia for Abdominal Surgery 793
Lena S. Sun, Neeta R. Saraiya, and Philipp J. Houck

32 Anesthesia for Pediatric Urological Procedures 813
Laura N. Zeigler, Katharina B. Modes, and Jayant K. Deshpande

33 Anesthesia for Orthopedic Surgery 834
Cathy R. Lammers, Cecile Wyckaert, and Julianna Clark-Wronski

34 Otolaryngological and Dental Surgery 857
Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Arvind Chandrakantan, and Mehernoor Watcha

35 Anesthesia for Ophthalmological Surgery 881
Julia Chen and Olutoyin A. Olutoye

36 Anesthesia for Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery 893
Ehrenfried Schindler, Markus Martini, and Martina Messing-Jünger

37 Pain Management in Children 929
Christine Greco and Charles Berde

38 Outpatient Anesthesia 955
Joseph A. Scattoloni, Olubukola O. Nafiu, Shobha Malviya, and Dean B. Andropoulos

39 Anesthesia for Trauma 979
Monica S. Vavilala and Sarah A. Lee

40 Anesthesia for Burns 996
Gennadiy Fuzaylov

41 Anesthesia and Sedation Outside the Operating Room 1012
Mohamed Mahmoud, Robert S. Holzman, and Keira P. Mason

42 Pediatric Intensive Care 1041
Rajeev Wadia, Becky J. Riggs, Dheeraj Goswami, Jamie McElrath Schwartz, and Melania M. Bembea

43 Anesthesia for the Patient with a Genetic Syndrome 1085
David Mann, Priscilla J. Garcia, and Dean B. Andropoulos

44 Pediatric Anesthesia in Developing Countries 1106
Adrian T. Bosenberg

Part 4 Quality, Outcomes, and Complications in Pediatric Anesthesia

45 Clinical Complications in Pediatric Anesthesia 1118
Randall Flick, Christina M. Pabelick, Tracy E. Harrison, Kara A. Bjur, and Elena Ashikhmina

46 Impact of Pediatric Surgery and Anesthesia on Brain Development 1151
Andreas W. Loepke and Sulpicio G. Soriano

47 Patient Simulation and its Use in Pediatric Anesthesia 1182
Anita Honkanen, Michael I. Chen, and David A. Young

48 Databases, Registries, and Outcome Research in Pediatric Anesthesia 1208
Joseph Cravero

49 Electronic Anesthesia Records: Anesthesia Information Management Systems 1227
Allan F. Simpao and Mohamed A. Rehman

50 Operating Room Safety, Communication, and Teamwork,1243
Thomas L. Shaw, Lauren M. Y. Lobaugh, and Stephen A. Stayer

Appendices

Appendix A: Pediatric Anesthesia Drugs and Other Treatments in the Perioperative Period 1258
Dean B. Andropoulos

Appendix B: Pediatric Normal Laboratory Values 1263
Dean B. Andropoulos

Index 1281