Mohammad Wahid Ansari is Assistant Professor in the Department of Botany, Zakir Hussain Delhi College, University of Delhi, India. He has researched and published widely on plant biology and stress tolerance.

Anil Kumar Singh is Principal Scientist at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. He has researched extensively into plant adaptations and environmental responses, as well as plant stress tolerance and related subjects.

Narendra Tuteja is Visiting Scientist at the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. He has published extensively on plant stress tolerance, mango malformation and related subjects.

List of Contributors xvii Foreword xxiii Preface xxv Author Biographies xxvii Part 1 Views and Visions 1 1 Boosting Resilience of Global Crop Production Through Sustainable Stress Management 3Rajeev K. Varshney and Abhishek Bohra References 5 2 Sustaining Food Security Under Changing Stress Environment 7Sudhir K. Sopory References 8 3 Crop Improvement Under Climate Change 9Shivendra Bajaj and Ratna Kumria 3.1 Crop Diversity to Mitigate Climate Change 10 3.2 Technology to Mitigate Climate Change 10 3.3 Farm Practices to Mitigate Climate Change 11 3.4 Conclusion 11 References 11 4 Reactive Nitrogen in Climate Change, Crop Stress, and Sustainable Agriculture: A Personal Journey 13Nandula Raghuram 4.1 Introduction 13 4.2 Reactive Nitrogen in Climate Change, Agriculture, and Beyond 13 4.3 Nitrogen, Climate, and Planetary Boundaries of Sustainability 14 4.4 Emerging Global Response and India's Leadership in It 14 4.5 Regional and Global Partnerships for Effective Interventions 15 4.6 Building Crop NUE Paradigm Amidst Growing Focus on Stress 16 4.7 From NUE Phenotype to Genotype in Rice 17 4.8 Furthering the Research and Policy Agenda 18 References 18 Part 2 Climate Change: Global Impact 23 5 Climate-Resilient Crops for CO 2 Rich-Warmer Environment: Opportunities and Challenges 25Sayanta Kundu, Sudeshna Das, Satish K. Singh, Ratnesh K. Jha, and Rajeev Nayan Bahuguna 5.1 Introduction 25 5.2 Climate Change Trend and Abiotic Stress: Yield Losses Due to Major Climate Change Associated Stresses Heat, Drought and Their Combination 26 5.3 Update on Crop Improvement Strategies Under Changing Climate 27 5.3.1 Advances in Breeding and Genomics 27 5.3.2 Advances in Phenomics and High Throughput Platforms 28 5.3.3 Non-destructive Phenotyping to Exploit Untapped Potential of Natural Genetic Diversity 28 5.4 Exploiting Climate-Smart Cultivation Practices 29 5.5 CO 2 -Responsive C 3 Crops for Future Environment 30 5.6 Conclusion 31 References 31 6 Potential Push of Climate Change on Crop Production, Crop Adaptation, and Possible Strategies to Mitigate This 35Narendra Kumar and SM Paul Khurana 6.1 Introduction 35 6.2 Influence of Climate Change on the Yield of Plants 36 6.3 Crop Adaptation in Mitigating Extreme Climatic Stresses 38 6.4 Factors That Limit Crop Development 39 6.5 Influence of Climate Change on Plants' Morphobiochemical and Physiological Processes 39 6.6 Responses of Plant Hormones in Abiotic Stresses 40 6.7 Approaches to Combat Climate Changes 41 6.7.1 Cultural Methodologies 41 6.7.2 Conventional Techniques 41 6.7.3 Strategies Concerned with Genetics and Genomics 41 6.7.3.1 Omics-Led Breeding and Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) 41 6.7.3.2 Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) for Evaluating Stress Tolerance 42 6.7.3.3 Genome Selection (GS) Investigations for Crop Improvement 42 6.7.3.4 Genetic Engineering of Plants in Developing Stress Tolerance 43 6.7.4 Strategies of Genome Editing 43 6.7.5 Involvement of CRISPR/Cas 9 43 6.8 Conclusions 44 Conflict of Interest Statement 44 Acknowledgment 44 References 45 7 Agrifood and Climate Change: Impact, Mitigation, and Adaptation Strategies 53Sudarshna Kumari and Gurdeep Bains 7.1 Introduction 53 7.2 Causes of Climate Change 54 7.2.1 Greenhouse Gases 54 7.2.2 Fossil Fuel Combustion 54 7.2.3 Deforestation 55 7.2.4 Agricultural Expansion 55 7.3 Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture 55 7.3.1 Crop Productivity 56 7.3.2 Disease Development 58 7.3.3 Plant Responses to Climate Change 58 7.3.4 Livestock 59 7.3.5 Agriculture Economy 59 7.4 Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change 60 7.4.1 Climate-Smart Cultural Practices 60 7.4.2 Climate-Smart Agriculture Technologies 60 7.4.3 Stress-Tolerant Varieties 61 7.4.4 Precision Management of Nutrients 61 7.4.5 Forestry and Agroforestry 61 7.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 61 References 62 8 Dynamic Photosynthetic Apparatus in Plants Combats Climate Change 65Ramwant Gupta and Ravinesh Rohit Prasad 8.1 Introduction 65 8.2 Climate Change and Photosynthetic Apparatus 66 8.3 Engineered Dynamic Photosynthetic Apparatus 66 8.4 Conclusion and Prospects 68 References 68 9 CRISPR/Cas Enables the Remodeling of Crops for Sustainable Climate-Smart Agriculture and Nutritional Security 71Tanushri Kaul, Rachana Verma, Sonia Khan Sony, Jyotsna Bharti, Khaled Fathy Abdel Motelb, Arul Prakash Thangaraj, Rashmi Kaul, Mamta Nehra, and Murugesh Eswaran 9.1 Introduction: CRISPR/Cas Facilitated Remodeling of Crops 71 9.2 Impact of Climate Changes on Agriculture and Food Supply 72 9.3 Nutritionally Secure Climate-Smart Crops 73 9.4 Novel Game Changing Genome-Editing Approaches 74 9.4.1 Knockout-Based Approach 87 9.4.2 Knock-in-Based Approach 87 9.4.3 Activation or Repression-Based Approach 87 9.5 Genome Editing for Crop Enhancement: Ushering Towards Green Revolution 2.0 88 9.5.1 Mitigation of Abiotic Stress 88 9.5.2 Alleviation of Biotic Stress 89 9.5.3 Biofortification 89 9.6 Harnessing the Potential of NGS and ML for Crop Design Target 90 9.7 Does CRISPR/Cas Address the Snag of Genome Editing? 94 9.8 Edited Plant Code: Security Risk Assessment 95 9.9 Conclusion: Food Security on the Verge of Climate change 96 References 96 Part 3 Socioeconomic Aspects of Climate Change 113 10 Perspective of Evolution of the C 4 Plants to Develop Climate Designer C 4 Rice as a Strategy for Abiotic Stress Management 115Shuvobrata Majumder, Karabi Datta, and Swapan K. Datta 10.1 Introduction 115 10.2 How Did Plants Evolve to the C 4 System? 117 10.2.1 Gene Amplification and Modification 117 10.2.2 Anatomical Preconditioning 117 10.2.3 Increase in Bundle Sheath Organelles 118 10.2.4 Glycine Shuttles and Photorespiratory CO 2 Pumps 118 10.2.5 Enhancement of PEPC and PPDK Activity in the Mesophyll Tissue 118 10.2.6 Integration of C 3 and C 4 Cycles 118 10.3 What Are the Advantages of C 4 Plants over C 3 Plants? 118 10.4 Molecular Engineering of C 4 Enzymes in Rice 119 10.4.1 Green Tissue-Specific Promoters 120 10.4.2 Expressing C 4 Enzyme, PEPC in Rice 120 10.4.3 Expressing C 4 Enzyme, PPDK in Rice 120 10.4.4 Expressing C 4 Enzyme, ME and NADP-ME in Rice 121 10.4.5 Expressing Multiple C 4 Enzymes in Rice 121 10.5 Application of CRISPR for Enhanced Photosynthesis 121 10.6 Single-Cell C 4 Species 121 10.7 Conclusion 122 Acknowledgments 122 References 122 11 Role of Legume Genetic Resources in Climate Resilience 125Ruchi Bansal, Swati Priya, and H. K. Dikshit 11.1 Introduction 125 11.2 Legumes Under Abiotic Stress 126 11.2.1 Legumes Under Drought Stress 126 11.2.2 Legumes Under Waterlogging 126 11.2.3 Legumes Under Salinity Stress 127 11.2.4 Legumes Under Extreme Temperature 127 11.3 Genetic Resources for Legume Improvement 128 11.3.1 Lentil 129 11.3.2 Mungbean 130 11.3.3 Pigeon Pea 131 11.3.4 Chickpea 131 11.4 Conclusion 133 References 134 12 Oxygenic Photosynthesis - a Major Driver of Climate Change and Stress Tolerance 141Baishnab C. Tripathy 12.1 Introduction 141 12.2 Evolution of Chlorophyll 141 12.3 The Great Oxygenation Event 142 12.4 Role of Forest in the Regulation of O 2 and CO 2 Concentrations in the Atmosphere 142 12.5 Evolution of C 4 Plants 142 12.6 The Impact of High Temperature 143 12.7 c 4 Plants Are Tolerant to Salt Stress 144 12.8 Converting C 3 Plants into C 4 - A Himalayan Challenge 145 12.9 Carbonic Anhydrase 145 12.10 Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase 146 12.11 Malate Dehydrogenase 147 12.12 Decarboxylating Enzymes 147 12.12.1 NAD/NADP-Malic Enzyme 148 12.12.2 Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase 149 12.13 Pyruvate Orthophosphate Dikinase 149 12.14 Regulation of C 4 Photosynthetic Gene Expression 150 12.15 Use of C 3 Orthologs of C 4 Enzymes 151 12.16 Conclusions and Future Directions 151 Acknowledgment 152 References 152 13 Expand the Survival Limits of Crop Plants Under Cold Climate Region 161Bhuvnesh Sareen and Rohit Joshi 13.1 Introduction 161 13.2 Physiology of Cold Stress Tolerant Plants 162 13.3 Stress Perception and Signaling 163 13.4 Plant Survival Mechanism 164 13.5 Engineering Cold Stress Tolerance 165 13.6 Future Directions 168 Acknowledgment 168 References 168 14 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Climate-Smart Agriculture: Prospects and Challenges 175Sharma Deepika, Vikrant Goswami, and David Kothamasi 14.1 Introduction 175 14.2 What Is Climate-Smart Agriculture? 176 14.3 AMF as a Tool to Practice Climate-Smart Agriculture 177 14.3.1 AMF in Increasing Productivity of Agricultural Systems 177 14.3.1.1 Plant Nutrition and Growth 177 14.3.1.2 Improved Soil Structure and Fertility 181 14.3.2 AMF-Induced Resilience in Crops to Climate Change 182 14.3.2.1 AMF and Salinity Stress 182 14.3.2.2 AMF and Drought Stress 183 14.3.2.3 AMF and Heat Stress 184 14.3.2.4 AMF and Cold Stress 184 14.3.3 AMF-Mediated Mitigation of Climate Change 186 14.3.4 Agricultural Practices and AMF Symbiosis - Crop Rotations, Tillage, and Agrochemicals 187 14.3.5 AMF Symbiosis and Climate Change 187 14.3.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 188 Acknowledgment 189 References 189 Part 4 Plant Stress Under Climate Change: Molecular Insights 201 15 Plant Stress and Climate Change: Molecular Insight 203Anamika Roy , Mamun Mandal, Ganesh Kumar Agrawal, Randeep Rakwal, and Abhijit Sarkar 15.1 Introduction 203 15.2 Different Stress Factors and Climate Changes Effects in Plants 206 15.2.1 Water Stress 206 15.2.1.1 Drought 206 15.2.1.2 Flooding or Waterlogging 206 15.2.2 Temperature Stress 207 15.2.2.1 High Temperature Stress 207 15.2.2.2 Low Temperature Stress 207 15.2.3 Salinity Stress 207 15.2.4 Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation Stress 207 15.2.5 Heavy Metal Stress 207 15.2.6 Air Pollution Stress 208 15.2.7 Climate Change 208 15.3 Plant Responses Against Stress 208 15.3.1 Water Stress Responses 208 15.3.1.1 Drought Responses 208 15.3.1.2 Waterlogging Responses 210 15.3.2 Temperature Stress Responses 210 15.3.2.1 High Temperature Stress Responses 210 15.3.2.2 Low Temperature Stress Responses 211 15.3.3 Salinity Stress Responses 212 15.3.3.1 Genomic Responses 212 15.3.3.2 Proteomic...