Dr Bates Gill is Executive Director of the Center for China Analysis with the Asia Society Policy Institute and Honorary Professor with the Department of Security Studies and Criminology, Macquarie University. His 35-year international career has focused on security issues in Asia, especially with regard to China. He has academic and think tank leadership positions in the United States, China, Europe and Australia, including with the Brookings Institution, the Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. The author or editor of ten books, Dr Gill received his PhD in Foreign Affairs from the University of Virginia.

Adam Lockyer is Associate Professor in Strategic Studies at Macquarie University and a Non-Resident Fellow at the Sea Power Centre, Australia. He held the 2015 Fulbright Scholarship in US-Australian Alliance Studies at Georgetown University. Before joining the Department of Security Studies and Criminology, A/Prof. Lockyer was a Research Fellow in Defence Studies at the University of New South Wales. He has also held positions at the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney, at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, in Washington, DC, and was the Lowy Institute's 2008 Thawley Scholarship in International Security winner.

Yves-Heng Lim is Senior Lecturer in Security Studies at the Department of Security Studies and Criminology, Macquarie University. His research focuses on the balance of power in the Indo-Pacific, the evolution of China's strategy, with a particular interest in China's naval strategy, and international relations theory (realism and power transition theory). Yves-Heng is the author of China's Naval Power: An Offensive Realist Approach (Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2014) and of more than 20 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters. His works appeared in the Journal of Strategic Studies, the Journal of Contemporary China, Contemporary Strategy, and Asian Security.

Andrew T. H. Tan is Non-Resident Principal Fellow, Institute for Indo-Pacific Affairs (IIPA), New Zealand. He was Professor of Security Studies at Macquarie University until February 2024. Andrew specialises in defence issues, regional security, terrorism and insurgency. He was also previously Senior Lecturer at King's College London and was based at the Joint Services Command and Staff College, Watchfield, UK. Andrew is a graduate of Cambridge and Sydney, where he obtained his PhD. He is the author, co-author, editor or co-editor of 23 books to date, and has been consulted by governments and security agencies over the years.

List of Illustrations

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: The Influence of Geopolitics and Geostrategy on Force Modernisation

Chapter 3: Great Power Competition: China's Military Build-Up and US-China Rivalry

Chapter 4: The Geopolitics of Middle Powers' Military Modernisation

Chapter 5: Small Powers, Geopolitics and Military Modernisation

Chapter 6: Beyond Geopolitics: Explaining Military Modernisation in the Middle and Small Powers of the Indo-Pacific

Chapter 7: Conclusion: Geopolitics and Other Factors

References

Index