Adrian Pfiffner received his first degree and his PhD from the ETH Zurich. Between 1979 and 1986 he was a researcher at the University of Neuchâtel, and was appointed Professor of Geology at the University of Bern in 1986. His research concentrated on deformation mechanisms in rocks, nappe tectonics, the structure of the Alps incorporating deep seismic profiling, and the structure of the Central Andes of Peru.

Preface viii

1 The Alps in their Plate Tectonic Framework 1

1.1 Older Mountain Chains in Europe 2

1.2 Break-up of Pangaea and Opening of the Alpine Tethys 8

1.3 The Alpine System in Europe 12

1.4 Structure of the Alps 14

References 20

2 The pre-Triassic Basement of the Alps 23

2.1 The pre-Triassic Basement in the Black Forest and Vosges 25

2.2 The pre-Triassic Basement of the External Massifs 29

External Massifs in the Western Alps 30

External Massifs in the Central Alps 32

External Massifs in the Eastern Alps 37

2.3 The pre-Triassic Basement of the Penninic Nappes 39

2.4 The pre-Triassic Basement of the Austroalpine Nappes 40

2.5 The pre-Triassic Basement of the Southern Alps 43

2.6 Palaeozoic Sediments in the Eastern and Southern Alps 49

The Palaeozoic in the Carnic Alps 49

The Palaeozoic of the Greywacke Zone 51

The Palaeozoic of the Innsbruck Quartz Phyllite 51

2.7 The Variscan Orogen at the Close of the Palaeozoic 54

2.8 Post-Variscan Sediments and Volcanics of the Permian 58

The North Swiss Permo-Carboniferous Trough 58

The Permo-Carboniferous in the Helvetic Nappe Complex 59

The Permo-Carboniferous in the Penninic Nappe Complex 62

The Permo-Carboniferous in the Austroalpine Nappe Complex 64

The Permo-Carboniferous in the Southalpine Nappe System 66

References 68

3 The Alpine Domain in the Mesozoic 71

3.1 The Mesozoic Rock Suites 72

The European Continental Margin 72

Oceanic Arms between the Baltic and Africa 81

The Adriatic Continental Margin 90

3.2 Plate Tectonic Evolution 95

Triassic: Epicontinental Platforms 95

Jurassic: Opening up of Oceanic Arms 97

Cretaceous: Opening and Closing of Oceanic Arms 116

References 125

4 The Alpine Domain in the Cenozoic 129

4.1 The Cenozoic Sedimentary Sequences 131

4.2 Late Cretaceous and Paleogene Flyschs 136

4.3 Eocene-Oligocene Flyschs 140

4.4 Oligocene-Miocene Molasse in the Northalpine Foreland Basin 143

4.5 Oligocene-Pliocene Sediments in the Po Basin 147

4.6 The Jura Mountains 148

4.7 Intramontane Basins 149

4.8 Plutonic and Volcanic Rocks 149

4.9 Tectonic and Palaeogeographical Evolution 154

References 165

5 Tectonic Structure of the Alps 169

5.1 The Western Alps 173

The Jura Mountains 178

The Subalpine Chains of the Dauphinois 179

The Penninic Nappes and their Contact with the Adriatic Continental Margin 186

5.2 The Central Alps 192

The Jura Mountains 200

The Molasse Basin 204

The Helvetic Nappe System 209

The Penninic Nappe System 231

The Austroalpine Nappe System 240

The Southalpine Nappe System 242

5.3 The Eastern Alps 245

The Molasse Basin 251

The Helvetic Nappe System 255

The Penninic Nappe System 257

The Austroalpine Nappe System 258

The Southalpine Nappe System and Dolomites 264

5.4 The Deep Structure of the Alps 265

References 275

6 Tectonic Evolution of the Alps 281

6.1 Alpine Metamorphism 283

Regional Distribution of Alpine Metamorphism 283

High-Pressure Metamorphism 286

Temperature-Dominated Regional Metamorphism 290

Contact Metamorphism 291

6.2 The Cretaceous Orogeny 294

6.3 The Cenozoic Orogeny 296

6.4 Uplift and Erosion 322

References 330

7 The Latest Steps in the Evolution of the Alps 335

7.1 Miocene and Pliocene Drainage Patterns 337

7.2 Pleistocene Glaciations 342

7.3 Recent Movements and Seismicity 348

7.4 Rockslides, Creeping Slopes, Erosion by Modern Rivers 355

References 364

Index 367