About the Author xvii

Preface xix

1 Data Communications and Networks 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 OSI Model 3

1.2.1 Layer 1 - Physical Layer 5

1.2.2 Layer 2 - Data Link Layer 5

1.2.2.1 Addressing 5

1.2.2.2 Framing 5

1.2.2.3 Error Control 6

1.2.2.4 Flow Control 6

1.2.2.5 Access Control 7

1.2.3 Layer 3 - Network Layer 7

1.2.4 Layer 4 - Transport Layer 7

1.2.4.1 Port Addressing 8

1.2.4.2 End-to-end Error Control 8

1.2.4.3 End-to-end Flow Control 8

1.2.4.4 Connection Control 8

1.2.4.5 Congestion Control 8

1.2.5 Layer 5 - Session Layer 9

1.2.6 Layer 6 - Presentation Layer 9

1.2.7 Layer 7 - Application Layer 9

1.3 Header Encapsulation 9

1.4 Layer 2 - Ethernet 10

1.4.1 Framing 11

1.4.2 Addressing 11

1.4.3 Error Control 11

1.4.4 Flow Control 12

1.4.5 Access Control 12

1.5 Layer 3 - IP 12

1.5.1 IPV4 and IPV6 headers 15

1.5.2 Improving IPV4 Address Assignments 17

1.6 Layer 4 - TCP and UDP 19

1.6.1 TCP Header 20

1.6.2 TCP Functionalities 22

1.6.2.1 Process-to-process Communication 22

1.6.2.2 Connection Control 22

1.6.2.3 Flow Control 22

1.6.2.4 Error Control 23

1.6.2.5 Congestion Control 24

1.6.3 UDP 24

1.7 TCP/IP Networking Model 25

1.8 Internetworking Devices 25

1.8.1 VLAN 27

1.8.2 Quality of Service (QoS) 28

1.9 Summary 29

References 30

Exercises 30

Advanced Exercises 32

2 Introduction to IoT 35

2.1 Introduction 35

2.2 IoT Traffic Model 36

2.3 IoT Connectivity 37

2.4 IoT Verticals, Use Cases, and Applications 39

2.5 IoT Value Chain 41

2.6 Examples of IoT Use Cases and Applications 42

2.6.1 IoT-based Structural Health Monitoring System 42

2.6.2 IoT-based Electric Meter 44

2.6.3 IoT-basedWaste Management System 44

2.6.4 IoT-based Earthquake Detection 45

2.6.5 IoT-based Car Software Update 45

2.6.6 IoT-based Mountain Climbing Information System 46

2.6.7 IoT-based Agriculture - Pest Management 46

2.6.8 IoT-basedWearable in Sports 47

2.6.9 IoT-based Healthcare System 47

2.6.10 IoT-based Augmented Reality (AR) System 48

2.6.11 IoT-based Food Supply Chain 49

2.6.12 Smart Grid System 49

2.7 IoT Project Implementation 51

2.8 IoT Standards 52

2.9 Summary 52

References 53

Exercises 53

Advanced Exercises 54

3 IoT Architecture 57

3.1 Introduction 57

3.2 Factors Affecting an IoT Architectural Model 58

3.3 IoT Architectural Model 59

3.4 IoT WF Architectural Model 59

3.5 Data Center and Cloud 63

3.6 Computing (Cloud, Fog, and Edge) 66

3.6.1 Cloud Computing 66

3.6.2 Fog Computing 67

3.6.3 Edge Computing 68

3.7 Summary 69

References 69

Exercises 69

Advanced Exercises 70

4 IoT Sensors 73

4.1 Introduction 73

4.2 Sensor and Its Performance Metrics 74

4.2.1 Static Performance Metrics 74

4.2.2 Dynamic Performance Metrics 76

4.2.3 Sensor Selection 77

4.3 Smart Sensors 80

4.4 MEMS 81

4.5 Sensor Fusion 83

4.5.1 Improving the Qu