Acknowledgments
List of Illustrations
Abbreviations

Introduction

1. Lasting Crusade: The Russian All-Military Union (ROVS) in the World of Exile

The Puzzle: Organisations and Structures
The White Idea: ROVS Ideology
Counter-Revolution from Abroad: Defencism and Defeatism

2. Swastikas Rising: Émigrés and Nazi Germany

Russian Aryans: "Aryanization" and Foreign Passports
Seeking Hostilities: ROVS in Preparation for War

3. A Dawn of Liberation Is Rising over Russia: Russian Military Exile and the German-Soviet War, 1941-1945

Behind Bars: Arrests of Émigrés in Belgium and France
Into the Vortex of Illusion: Émigré Assessments of the German-Soviet War, 1941-1943
Swan Song: 1943-1945

4. A Troubled Cooperation: Russian Émigrés and the German Bans

Unerwünscht: German Policy on the Use of Émigrés
Kriegsentscheidend: The Wehrmacht’s Need for Émigrés

5. Forbidden but Still Marching On: Recruitment of Émigré Volunteers and Forms of Involvement

Germany
Czech Protectorate
The General Government
Bulgaria
France
Contract Work and Civil and Military Engineering
Demobilization
Émigrés as Soldiers from 1942 On

6. Homecoming: Personal Outlooks on the War in the USSR

Not Just Interpreters: The Role of White Émigrés as Mediators and Collaborators
"All of Russia Is a Graveyard": Émigrés’ Assessment of the Soviet Union
Them: The Red Army, Partisans, and Soviet POWs

7. "Collecting the Shards": Perspectives on Life under Occupation

The Russian Soul: Soviet Peasants and Other Civilians
Through Their Eyes: Soviet Citizens Meet the Émigrés
Back to the Roots: "Soviet" White Guards and Their Relatives
"God Is With Us": The Church and Religion
Off Duty: Private Time and Leisure Activities
Mourning the Fallen: Death on the German-Soviet Front
Farewell, Motherland: Reflections by White Émigrés on Their Second Exile

8. Darker Shades of Field Grey: Émigrés and Nazi Occupation Policy

The Jewish Question: Antisemitism and White Russian Émigrés
Shock, Awe, Compromise: War Crimes and Excesses
Saviours in German Uniforms: White Émigrés’ Actions to Defend the Oppressed

9. The Long Defeat: Russian Military Exile after 1945

Bolshevik Roulette: The White Émigrés and the End of War in Europe
Verbal Masquerade: ROVS Self-Presentation after 1945

Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Index