By Lukas Feiler; Nikolaus Forgo and Michaela Nebel

List of abbreviations 9

List of Recitals of the General Data Protection Regulation 11

Introduction to the General Data Protection Regulation 13

1. Introduction 13

2. The most important compliance steps to be implemented 13

3. Basic terms of the GDPR 14

4. The scope of the GDPR 15

4.1 Material scope – what processing activities are covered? .............. 15

4.2 Personal scope – who does the GDPR apply to? ........................ 15

4.3 Territorial scope – where does the GDPR apply? ...................... 16

5. The relationship with national data protection laws 16

6. The principles relating to the processing of personal data 18

7. Legal basis requirement for any data processing activity 19

7.1 Available legal bases ................. 19

7.2 Requirements for valid consent ............................ 20

8. Information obligations and privacy notices 22

9. Rights of the data subject 24

10. Profiling and automated individual decision-making 25

11. Data protection compliance programme 26

11.1 Organisational measures including data protection strategies ................................ 26

11.2 Technical measures including privacy by design and by default ............................... 26

12. Maintaining a record of processing activities 27

13. Data protection impact assessment and consultation obligation with supervisory authority 28

14. Data protection officer 29

15. Data security 30

15.1 Mandatory data security measures ................................. 30

15.2 Obligation to notify personal data breaches .......................... 31

16. Mandatory arrangements between joint controllers 33

17. Obligations in case of outsourcing 33

18. International data transfers 34

18.1 Transfers not subject to notification or approval ......... 35

18.2 Transfers subject to notification ............................. 36

18.3 Transfers subject to approval .. 36

19. International jurisdiction of supervisory authorities 37

20. Administrative fines and other sanctions 38

21. Civil liability and private enforcement 40

Text of the General Data Protection Regulation and commentary 41

Chapter I – General provisions 43

Article 1 Subject-matter and objectives ........................ 43

Article 2 Material scope ................. 47

Article 3 Territorial scope .............. 51

Article 4 Definitions ...................... 56

Chapter II – Principles 75

Article 5 Principles relating to processing of personal data ................... 75

Article 6 Lawfulness of processing ....................... 81

Article 7 Conditions for consent ... 90

Article 8 Conditions applicable to child's consent in relation to information society services ................ 93

Article 9 Processing of special categories of personal data ................... 96

Article 10 Processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences .................. 102

Article 11 Processing which does not require identification ................ 103

Chapter III – Rights of the data subject 105

Section 1 – Transparency and modalities 105

Article 12 Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject ................... 105

Section 2 – Information and access to personal data 109

Article 13 Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject .... 109

Article 14 Information to be provided where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject ................... 115

Article 15 Right of access by the data subject ................... 120

Section 3 – Rectification and erasure 123

Article 16 Right to rectification ..... 123

Article 17 Right to erasure (‘right to be forgotten') ..................... 124

Article 18 Right to restriction of processing ................. 128

Article 19 Notification obligation regarding rectification or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing ..................... 130

Article 20 Right to data portability ..................... 131

Section 4 – Right to object and automated individual decision-making 135

Article 21 Right to object .............. 135

Article 22 Automated individual decision-making, including profiling ....... 138

Section 5 – Restrictions 142

Article 23 Restrictions ................... 142

Chapter IV – Controller and processor 145

Section 1 – General obligations 145

Article 24 Responsibility of the controller ...................... 145

Article 25 Data protection by design and by default .............. 149

Article 26 Joint controllers ............ 152

Article 27 Representatives of controllers or processors not established in the Union ........................... 154

Article 28 Processor ....................... 157

Article 29 Processing under the authority of the controller or processer .................. 162

Article 30 Records of processing activities ....................... 163

Article 31 Cooperation with the supervisory authority ... 166

Section 2 – Security of personal data _ 167

Article 32 Security of processing ... 167

Article 33 Notification of a personal data breach to the supervisory authority ... 171

Article 34 Communication of a personal data breach to the data subject ............ 174

Section 3 – Data protection impact assessment and prior consultation 177

Article 35 Data protection impact assessment .................... 177

Article 36 Prior consultation ......... 185

Section 4 – Data protection officer 188

Article 37 Designation of the data protection officer .......... 188

Article 38 Position of the data protection officer .......... 194

Article 39 Tasks of the data protection officer ........................... 197

Section 5 – Codes of conduct and certification 199

Article 40 Codes of conduct ......... 199

Article 41 Monitoring of approved codes of conduct .......... 202

Article 42 Certification ................. 204

Article 43 Certification bodies ...... 206

Chapter V – Transfers of personal data to third countries or international organisations 209

Article 44 General principle for transfers ........................ 209

Article 45 Transfers on the basis of an adequacy decision ........................ 211

Article 46 Transfers subject to appropriate safeguards ..................... 216

Article 47 Binding corporate rules .............................. 221

Article 48 Transfers or disclosures not authorised by Union law ..................... 224

Article 49 Derogations for specific situations ...................... 225

Article 50 International cooperation for the protection of personal data ................ 230

Chapter VI – Independent supervisory authorities 231

Section 1 – Independent status 231

Article 51 Supervisory authority ... 231

Article 52 Independence ............... 233

Article 53 General conditions for the members of the supervisory authority ...................... 235

Article 54 Rules on the establishment of the supervisory authority ...................... 236

Section 2 – Competence, tasks and powers 237

Article 55 Competence ................. 237

Article 56 Competence of the lead supervisory authority ...................... 239

Article 57 Tasks ............................. 246

Article 58 Powers .......................... 249

Article 59 Activity reports ............. 252

Chapter VII – Cooperation and consistency 253

Section 1 – Cooperation 253

Article 60 Cooperation between the lead supervisory authority and the other supervisory authorities concerned ... 253

Article 61 Mutual assistance ......... 257

Article 62 Joint operations of supervisory authorities .................... 259

Section 2 – Consistency 261

Article 63 Consistency mechanism ................... 261

Article 64 Opinion of the Board ............................ 262

Article 65 Dispute resolution by the Board ...................... 265

Article 66 Urgency procedure ....... 269

Article 67 Exchange of information .................. 271

Section 3 – European Data Protection Board 272

Article [...]opean Data Protection Board ........... 272

Article 69 Independence ............... 273

Article 70 Tasks of the Board ......... 274

Article 71 Reports ......................... 277

Article 72 Procedure ..................... 278

Article 73 Chair ............................ 279

Article 74 Tasks of the Chair ......... 280

Article 75 Secretariat ..................... 281

Article 76 Confidentiality ............. 282

Chapter VIII – Remedies, liability and penalties 283

Article 77 Right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority ... 283

Article 78 Right to an effective judicial remedy against a supervisory authority ...................... 285

Article 79 Right to an effective judicial remedy against a controller or processor ...................... 287

Article 80 Representation of data subjects ................. 289

Article 81 Suspension of proceedings .................. 291

Article 82 Right to compensation and liability .................. 293

Article 83 General conditions for imposing administrative fines ................................ 296

Article 84 Penalties...