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From genetics to functional anatomy, cell biology to the equine digestive system, Equine Science, Third Edition covers all the essential scientific knowledge you need for your equine programme. Thoroughly updated, this new edition features a clear, systematic presentation, stunning full-colour photographs and illustrations, chapter summary points and self-assessment questions throughout.
- Describes the structure and function of the various body systems of the horse
- Explains the scientific rationale behind modern equine training practices
- Features new chapters on exercise physiology and the evolution of the horse
- Reflects the latest scientific advances and changes in the student curriculum
- Includes new information on circadian rhythms and sleep patterns, the immune system and hindgut microbiology.
A powerful teaching and learning aid, Equine Science, Third Edition is an essential text for students on higher education equine studies and equine science programmes, as well as those studying for BHS qualifications up to BHSII Stage 4 Horse Knowledge and Care.
From genetics to functional anatomy, cell biology to the equine digestive system, Equine Science, Third Edition covers all the essential scientific knowledge you need for your equine programme. Thoroughly updated, this new edition features a clear, systematic presentation, stunning full-colour photographs and illustrations, chapter summary points and self-assessment questions throughout.
- Describes the structure and function of the various body systems of the horse
- Explains the scientific rationale behind modern equine training practices
- Features new chapters on exercise physiology and the evolution of the horse
- Reflects the latest scientific advances and changes in the student curriculum
- Includes new information on circadian rhythms and sleep patterns, the immune system and hindgut microbiology.
A powerful teaching and learning aid, Equine Science, Third Edition is an essential text for students on higher education equine studies and equine science programmes, as well as those studying for BHS qualifications up to BHSII Stage 4 Horse Knowledge and Care.
Zoe Davies is one of only a handful of qualified and Registered Equine Nutritionists in the UK. A former lecturer and external examiner in Equine Science, Zoe is a referral nutritionist, specialising in bloodstock and performance horses.
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgement xxv
1 The Biochemical Nature of Cells 1
Metabolism 1
Water 1
Important Properties ofWater 4
Proteins 4
Basic Structure of Amino Acids 4
Polypeptides 5
Levels of Protein Structure 5
Primary Structure of Proteins (Amino Acid Sequence) 6
Secondary Structure of Proteins (Alpha Helix or Beta Pleated Sheet) 6
Tertiary Structure of Proteins (3D Shape/Folding) 7
Quaternary Structure of Proteins (Aggregations of Polypeptide Chains) 7
Classification of Proteins 7
Structure of Collagen 8
Modification of Proteins 8
Denaturation of Proteins 8
Carbohydrates 8
Fructans 9
Starch 10
Cellulose 11
Glycogen 11
Lipids/Fats 11
Triglycerides 12
Essential Fatty Acids 12
Phospholipids 13
Cholesterol 15
Nucleic Acids 15
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 15
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) 16
Messenger RNA (mRNA) 17
Transfer RNA (tRNA) 18
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 18
Protein Synthesis 18
Transcription 18
Translation 20
The Genetic Code 21
Reading the Genetic Code 23
Enzymes 23
Factors that Affect the Activity of Enzymes 25
Temperature 25
pH 25
Enzyme Concentration 25
Substrate Concentration 25
Cofactors and Coenzymes 25
Enzyme Inhibitors 25
Metabolic Poisons 26
Drugs 26
Summary Points 26
Q + A 27
2 Cells, Tissues and Organs 29
Cells - Building Blocks of Life 29
Prokaryotic Cells 29
Eukaryotic Cells 31
Cell Function 31
Cytoplasm 32
Cytosol 32
Movement of Substances in and around Cells 32
Cell Organelles 32
Cytoskeleton 32
Cell or Plasma Membrane 33
The Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membrane Structure 34
The Role of Membranes in Cell Organelles 34
Nucleus 37
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes 38
Golgi Body (Dictyosome) 38
Mitochondria 38
Lysosomes 38
Peroxisomes (Microbodies) 39
Centrosomes 39
Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) 39
Cell Turnover 40
Cell Division (Mitosis and Meiosis) 40
The Cell Cycle 40
Mitosis 41
Key Events 41
Cytokinesis or Cytoplasmic Division 43
Meiosis 44
Key Events 45
First Meiotic Division 46
Second Meiotic Division 46
Cell Signalling 46
Cell Differentiation and Stem Cells 46
Blood Cell Production from Stem Cells 47
Tissues and Organs 47
Epithelium/Epithelial Tissue 48
Epithelial Cell Shapes 50
Epithelial Arrangement of Cells 50
Connective Tissue 51
Connective Tissue Cells 52
Connective Tissue Fibres 52
Tissue Repair 53
The Four Stages ofWound Healing 54
Stage 1 - Traumatic Inflammatory Phase 54
Stage 2 - Destructive Phase (0-3 Days) 54
Stage 3 - Proliferative Phase (3-24 Days) 55
Stage 4 - Maturation Phase (24 Days to 2 Years) 56
Ageing Tissue 56
Stem Cell Therapy 56
Summary Points 57
Q + A 58
3 Equine Support and Movement 59
Points of the Horse 59
The Skeletal System 59
Bone 59
Classification of Bone Tissue 60
Dense or Compact Bone 60
Spongy or Cancellous Bone 61
Types of Bones 61
Microscopic Bone Structure 64
Bone Formation and Growth 64
Developmental Orthopaedic Disease 67
Bone Remodelling 68
Hormones and their Effect on Bone Growth 68
Effect of Exercise on Bone Tissue 69
Calcium Homeostasis 69
Bone Fracture and Repair 69
The Skeleton 70
The Axial Skeleton 70
The Skull 70
The Vertebral Column or Spine 71
The Appendicular Skeleton 75
Forelimb 76
Hindlimb 79
Stay Apparatus 80
The Mechanics of Movement 80
Joints 80
Types of Joints 81
Movement of Joints 83
Ageing of Joints 83
Muscles 83
CardiacMuscle 84
Smooth Muscle 84
Skeletal Muscle (Voluntary or Striated Muscle) 85
The Sliding FilamentModel 87
Muscle Anatomy 87
Muscles of the Neck and Shoulder 91
Brachiocephalic 91
Sternocephalic 91
Splenius 91
Trapezius 91
Rhomboideus 95
Deltoideus 95
Triceps 95
Muscles of the Trunk 95
Latissimus Dorsi 95
Pectorals 95
Muscles of the Forearm 95
Digital Extensor 95
Digital Flexor 95
Muscles of the Abdomen 97
Intercostal Muscles 97
Longissimus Dorsi 97
Muscles of the Hindlimb 97
Gluteal 97
Biceps Femoris 97
Semitendinosus 97
Digital Extensor 97
Gastrocnemius 99
The Importance of Muscle Fibres in Equine Performance 99
Muscle Fibre Types 99
Muscle Fibre Recruitment 100
Fatigue 101
Causes of Fatigue 101
Lactic Acid Accumulation 101
Summary Points 101
Q + A 101
4 TheLowerLimb 103
Tendons and Ligaments of the Lower Limb 103
Tendons 103
Tendon Repair 104
Extensor Tendons 106
Flexor Tendons 106
Ligaments and Suspensory Apparatus 106
Check Ligament 106
Suspensory Ligament 106
Blood Supply to the Lower Leg 107
The Hoof 107
The Hoof as a Plastic Structure 107
Effect of Movement on Hoof Structure 111
Functions of the Hoof 112
Shock Absorption 112
Grip 112
Circulation 113
The External Hoof 113
Wall 113
Sole 116
Frog 116
Hoof Horn 118
Internal Structures 118
Digital or Plantar Cushion 118
Lateral (Ungual) Cartilages 119
Pedal and Navicular Bones 119
The Balanced Foot 119
Assessment of Foot Balance 119
Static Foot Balance 119
Dynamic Foot Balance 120
Adaptations of Hoof Tissue 121
Summary Points 121
Q + A 122
5 The Digestive System 123
Foregut 124
Mouth 124
Oesophagus 127
Stomach 127
Gastric Juice 128
Small Intestine 130
Pancreas 132
Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas 132
Exocrine Functions of the Pancreas 133
Liver 134
Functions of the Liver 135
Hindgut 137
Large Intestine 137
Caecum 137
Large Colon 137
Small Colon 140
Rectum 140
Digestion in the Large Intestine 140
Equine Microbiota 140
The Gut and the Immune System 142
Summary Points 142
Q + A 143
6 The Respiratory System 145
Anatomy 146
Within the Head and Neck 146
Within the Chest 148
Blood Supply 149
Pleurae 149
Diaphragm 150
Physiology of Respiration 150
Pulmonary Ventilation 150
Pressure Changes during Breathing 151
Airway Resistance 151
Lung Air Volumes and Capacities 151
Dead Space 153
Regulation of Breathing 153
Respiratory-Locomotor Coupling 154
External Respiration or Pulmonary Gas Exchange 155
Internal Respiration or Systemic Gas Exchange 156
Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Around the Body 157
Oxygen Transport 157
Carbon Dioxide Transport 157
The Oxygen Dissociation Curve 158
The Bohr Effect 158
Cellular Respiration 159
Aerobic Cellular Respiration 159
Aerobic Respiration of Glucose 161
Glycolysis 161
Link Reaction 161
Krebs Cycle 163
Electron Transport Chain 163
Aerobic Respiration of Other Fuels 166
Glycogen 166
LipidMetabolism 166
Protein Metabolism 167
Anaerobic Respiration 167
Summary Points 167
Q + A 168
7 The Circulatory System 169
Foetal Circulation 170
The Heart 171
Cardiac Output 172
Anatomy of the Heart 173
The Cardiac Cycle 175
Regulation of the Heart Beat 175
The Heart and Fittening/Training Horses 176
The Heart and VO2 Max 178
Heart Murmurs 178
Heart or Cardiac Arrhythmia 178
Second-Degree AV Block 179
Atrial Fibrillation (AF) 179
Sudden Cardiac Death 179
Blood Vessels 179
Arteries 179
Veins 180
Capillaries 182
Heart Evaluation and Examination 182
Electrocardiogram 182
Exercise Testing of Horses 183
Blood 184
Plasma 184
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) 185
White Blood Cells (Leucocytes) 186
Granulocytes 188
Agranulocytes 189
Platelets (Thrombocytes) 190
Haemostasis or Blood Clotting 190
Blood Tests 191
Blood Typing 191
The Lymphatic or Lymph System 192
The Spleen 193
Summary Points 194
Q + A 194
8 The Nervous System 197
Nerves and Neurons 198
Neuroglia or Glial Cells 200
Organisation of the Nervous System 202
CNS 202
PNS 203
Action Potential 203
Resting Membrane Potential 204
Synapses 206
Transmission at the Synapse 207
Neurotransmitters 208
Endorphins and Enkephalins 208
Neuromuscular Junctions 209
The Brain 209
Forebrain 210
Hypothalamus 210
Thalamus 210
Cerebrum 210
Midbrain 210
Hindbrain 210
Spinal Cord 212
Reflex Actions or Arcs 212
Summary Points 212
Q + A 213
9 The Endocrine System 215
Hypothalamus 216
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) 217
Anterior Pituitary - Adenophysis 217
Pars Intermedia 218
Posterior Pituitary (Neurophysis) 218
Thyroid Gland...
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2017 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Tiermedizin |
| Genre: | Medizin |
| Rubrik: | Wissenschaften |
| Medium: | Taschenbuch |
| Inhalt: | Kartoniert / Broschiert |
| ISBN-13: | 9781118741184 |
| ISBN-10: | 1118741188 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Einband: | Kartoniert / Broschiert |
| Autor: | Davies, Zoe |
| Hersteller: | John Wiley and Sons Ltd |
| Maße: | 181 x 254 x 23 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Zoe Davies |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 03.11.2017 |
| Gewicht: | 0,988 kg |
Zoe Davies is one of only a handful of qualified and Registered Equine Nutritionists in the UK. A former lecturer and external examiner in Equine Science, Zoe is a referral nutritionist, specialising in bloodstock and performance horses.
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgement xxv
1 The Biochemical Nature of Cells 1
Metabolism 1
Water 1
Important Properties ofWater 4
Proteins 4
Basic Structure of Amino Acids 4
Polypeptides 5
Levels of Protein Structure 5
Primary Structure of Proteins (Amino Acid Sequence) 6
Secondary Structure of Proteins (Alpha Helix or Beta Pleated Sheet) 6
Tertiary Structure of Proteins (3D Shape/Folding) 7
Quaternary Structure of Proteins (Aggregations of Polypeptide Chains) 7
Classification of Proteins 7
Structure of Collagen 8
Modification of Proteins 8
Denaturation of Proteins 8
Carbohydrates 8
Fructans 9
Starch 10
Cellulose 11
Glycogen 11
Lipids/Fats 11
Triglycerides 12
Essential Fatty Acids 12
Phospholipids 13
Cholesterol 15
Nucleic Acids 15
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 15
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) 16
Messenger RNA (mRNA) 17
Transfer RNA (tRNA) 18
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 18
Protein Synthesis 18
Transcription 18
Translation 20
The Genetic Code 21
Reading the Genetic Code 23
Enzymes 23
Factors that Affect the Activity of Enzymes 25
Temperature 25
pH 25
Enzyme Concentration 25
Substrate Concentration 25
Cofactors and Coenzymes 25
Enzyme Inhibitors 25
Metabolic Poisons 26
Drugs 26
Summary Points 26
Q + A 27
2 Cells, Tissues and Organs 29
Cells - Building Blocks of Life 29
Prokaryotic Cells 29
Eukaryotic Cells 31
Cell Function 31
Cytoplasm 32
Cytosol 32
Movement of Substances in and around Cells 32
Cell Organelles 32
Cytoskeleton 32
Cell or Plasma Membrane 33
The Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membrane Structure 34
The Role of Membranes in Cell Organelles 34
Nucleus 37
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes 38
Golgi Body (Dictyosome) 38
Mitochondria 38
Lysosomes 38
Peroxisomes (Microbodies) 39
Centrosomes 39
Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) 39
Cell Turnover 40
Cell Division (Mitosis and Meiosis) 40
The Cell Cycle 40
Mitosis 41
Key Events 41
Cytokinesis or Cytoplasmic Division 43
Meiosis 44
Key Events 45
First Meiotic Division 46
Second Meiotic Division 46
Cell Signalling 46
Cell Differentiation and Stem Cells 46
Blood Cell Production from Stem Cells 47
Tissues and Organs 47
Epithelium/Epithelial Tissue 48
Epithelial Cell Shapes 50
Epithelial Arrangement of Cells 50
Connective Tissue 51
Connective Tissue Cells 52
Connective Tissue Fibres 52
Tissue Repair 53
The Four Stages ofWound Healing 54
Stage 1 - Traumatic Inflammatory Phase 54
Stage 2 - Destructive Phase (0-3 Days) 54
Stage 3 - Proliferative Phase (3-24 Days) 55
Stage 4 - Maturation Phase (24 Days to 2 Years) 56
Ageing Tissue 56
Stem Cell Therapy 56
Summary Points 57
Q + A 58
3 Equine Support and Movement 59
Points of the Horse 59
The Skeletal System 59
Bone 59
Classification of Bone Tissue 60
Dense or Compact Bone 60
Spongy or Cancellous Bone 61
Types of Bones 61
Microscopic Bone Structure 64
Bone Formation and Growth 64
Developmental Orthopaedic Disease 67
Bone Remodelling 68
Hormones and their Effect on Bone Growth 68
Effect of Exercise on Bone Tissue 69
Calcium Homeostasis 69
Bone Fracture and Repair 69
The Skeleton 70
The Axial Skeleton 70
The Skull 70
The Vertebral Column or Spine 71
The Appendicular Skeleton 75
Forelimb 76
Hindlimb 79
Stay Apparatus 80
The Mechanics of Movement 80
Joints 80
Types of Joints 81
Movement of Joints 83
Ageing of Joints 83
Muscles 83
CardiacMuscle 84
Smooth Muscle 84
Skeletal Muscle (Voluntary or Striated Muscle) 85
The Sliding FilamentModel 87
Muscle Anatomy 87
Muscles of the Neck and Shoulder 91
Brachiocephalic 91
Sternocephalic 91
Splenius 91
Trapezius 91
Rhomboideus 95
Deltoideus 95
Triceps 95
Muscles of the Trunk 95
Latissimus Dorsi 95
Pectorals 95
Muscles of the Forearm 95
Digital Extensor 95
Digital Flexor 95
Muscles of the Abdomen 97
Intercostal Muscles 97
Longissimus Dorsi 97
Muscles of the Hindlimb 97
Gluteal 97
Biceps Femoris 97
Semitendinosus 97
Digital Extensor 97
Gastrocnemius 99
The Importance of Muscle Fibres in Equine Performance 99
Muscle Fibre Types 99
Muscle Fibre Recruitment 100
Fatigue 101
Causes of Fatigue 101
Lactic Acid Accumulation 101
Summary Points 101
Q + A 101
4 TheLowerLimb 103
Tendons and Ligaments of the Lower Limb 103
Tendons 103
Tendon Repair 104
Extensor Tendons 106
Flexor Tendons 106
Ligaments and Suspensory Apparatus 106
Check Ligament 106
Suspensory Ligament 106
Blood Supply to the Lower Leg 107
The Hoof 107
The Hoof as a Plastic Structure 107
Effect of Movement on Hoof Structure 111
Functions of the Hoof 112
Shock Absorption 112
Grip 112
Circulation 113
The External Hoof 113
Wall 113
Sole 116
Frog 116
Hoof Horn 118
Internal Structures 118
Digital or Plantar Cushion 118
Lateral (Ungual) Cartilages 119
Pedal and Navicular Bones 119
The Balanced Foot 119
Assessment of Foot Balance 119
Static Foot Balance 119
Dynamic Foot Balance 120
Adaptations of Hoof Tissue 121
Summary Points 121
Q + A 122
5 The Digestive System 123
Foregut 124
Mouth 124
Oesophagus 127
Stomach 127
Gastric Juice 128
Small Intestine 130
Pancreas 132
Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas 132
Exocrine Functions of the Pancreas 133
Liver 134
Functions of the Liver 135
Hindgut 137
Large Intestine 137
Caecum 137
Large Colon 137
Small Colon 140
Rectum 140
Digestion in the Large Intestine 140
Equine Microbiota 140
The Gut and the Immune System 142
Summary Points 142
Q + A 143
6 The Respiratory System 145
Anatomy 146
Within the Head and Neck 146
Within the Chest 148
Blood Supply 149
Pleurae 149
Diaphragm 150
Physiology of Respiration 150
Pulmonary Ventilation 150
Pressure Changes during Breathing 151
Airway Resistance 151
Lung Air Volumes and Capacities 151
Dead Space 153
Regulation of Breathing 153
Respiratory-Locomotor Coupling 154
External Respiration or Pulmonary Gas Exchange 155
Internal Respiration or Systemic Gas Exchange 156
Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Around the Body 157
Oxygen Transport 157
Carbon Dioxide Transport 157
The Oxygen Dissociation Curve 158
The Bohr Effect 158
Cellular Respiration 159
Aerobic Cellular Respiration 159
Aerobic Respiration of Glucose 161
Glycolysis 161
Link Reaction 161
Krebs Cycle 163
Electron Transport Chain 163
Aerobic Respiration of Other Fuels 166
Glycogen 166
LipidMetabolism 166
Protein Metabolism 167
Anaerobic Respiration 167
Summary Points 167
Q + A 168
7 The Circulatory System 169
Foetal Circulation 170
The Heart 171
Cardiac Output 172
Anatomy of the Heart 173
The Cardiac Cycle 175
Regulation of the Heart Beat 175
The Heart and Fittening/Training Horses 176
The Heart and VO2 Max 178
Heart Murmurs 178
Heart or Cardiac Arrhythmia 178
Second-Degree AV Block 179
Atrial Fibrillation (AF) 179
Sudden Cardiac Death 179
Blood Vessels 179
Arteries 179
Veins 180
Capillaries 182
Heart Evaluation and Examination 182
Electrocardiogram 182
Exercise Testing of Horses 183
Blood 184
Plasma 184
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) 185
White Blood Cells (Leucocytes) 186
Granulocytes 188
Agranulocytes 189
Platelets (Thrombocytes) 190
Haemostasis or Blood Clotting 190
Blood Tests 191
Blood Typing 191
The Lymphatic or Lymph System 192
The Spleen 193
Summary Points 194
Q + A 194
8 The Nervous System 197
Nerves and Neurons 198
Neuroglia or Glial Cells 200
Organisation of the Nervous System 202
CNS 202
PNS 203
Action Potential 203
Resting Membrane Potential 204
Synapses 206
Transmission at the Synapse 207
Neurotransmitters 208
Endorphins and Enkephalins 208
Neuromuscular Junctions 209
The Brain 209
Forebrain 210
Hypothalamus 210
Thalamus 210
Cerebrum 210
Midbrain 210
Hindbrain 210
Spinal Cord 212
Reflex Actions or Arcs 212
Summary Points 212
Q + A 213
9 The Endocrine System 215
Hypothalamus 216
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) 217
Anterior Pituitary - Adenophysis 217
Pars Intermedia 218
Posterior Pituitary (Neurophysis) 218
Thyroid Gland...
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2017 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Tiermedizin |
| Genre: | Medizin |
| Rubrik: | Wissenschaften |
| Medium: | Taschenbuch |
| Inhalt: | Kartoniert / Broschiert |
| ISBN-13: | 9781118741184 |
| ISBN-10: | 1118741188 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Einband: | Kartoniert / Broschiert |
| Autor: | Davies, Zoe |
| Hersteller: | John Wiley and Sons Ltd |
| Maße: | 181 x 254 x 23 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Zoe Davies |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 03.11.2017 |
| Gewicht: | 0,988 kg |
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