Dr. Asta Gerhardt is a Multilingual executive director, procurement officer, project leader and manager with strong procurement strategic framework and policy expertise in Luxembour.

I. Public procurement legislation in the EU ......................................... 19
1 Treaty provisions relevant to public procurement ................................... 19
1.1 Article 34 TFEU on free movement of goods ................................... 20
1.2 Prohibition of measures interfering with the free market .............. 21
1.3 Article 34 TFEU on specification requirements and standards ..... 22
1.4 De minimis rule under Article 34 TFEU .......................................... 23
1.4.1 Introduction of the Dundalk case ........................................ 24
1.4.2 Case discussion and commentary remarks ......................... 25
1.4.3 Introduction of the UNIX case ............................................. 27
1.4.4 Case discussion and commentary remarks ......................... 28
1.5 Conclusions on the main cases ........................................................... 29
1.6 Articles 49 and 56 TFEU on the right of establishment and
right to provide services ..................................................................... 30
2 The EU public procurement Directive 2014/24/EU ................................ 31
2.1 The principle of equal treatment ........................................................ 34
2.2 The principle of non-discrimination ................................................. 37
2.3 The principle of transparency ............................................................. 39
2.4 The principle of proportionality ......................................................... 40
2.5 The principle of mutual recognition .................................................. 42
2.6 Conclusion of the fundamental principles ........................................ 43
3 Low-value contracts outside the scope of Directive 2014/24/EU ......... 44
3.1 The TFEU principles applicable to low-value contracts .................. 45
3.2 The counter arguments of General Advocate Sharpston ................ 46
3.3 Transparency obligation ..................................................................... 47
3.4 Interpretation of the further case law ................................................ 48
3.5 Conclusions ........................................................................................... 50
10 Contents
II. The development of public procurement law in Lithuania ..... 53
1 The development of public procurement worldwide .............................. 54
2 GPA ................................................................................................................ 54
3 The development of public procurement in Europe ............................... 56
4 The development of public procurement in Lithuania ........................... 59
4.1 First Lithuanian public procurement law .......................................... 62
4.2 PHARE assistance programme ........................................................... 64
4.3 Pre-accession of Lithuania to the European Union ......................... 66
4.4 Lithuanian accession to the EU .......................................................... 68
5 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 69
III. Implementation of the EU public procurement rules in
1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 71
2 The EU Public Procurement Reform ........................................................ 71
3 Transposition of the Directive 2014/24/EU into national systems ....... 72
4 New legal framework of public procurement in Lithuania .................... 75
4.1 Primary legislation of public procurement ....................................... 76
4.2 Secondary legislation of public procurement ................................... 77
4.3 Public Procurement Office .................................................................. 80
4.4 Definitions of public procurement ..................................................... 81
4.5 Thresholds ............................................................................................. 84
4.6 Simplified procurement procedures .................................................. 87
4.7 Conclusions ........................................................................................... 90
5 New legal framework of public procurement in Germany .................... 90
5.1 Act against restraints on competition (GWB) .................................. 92
5.2 Regulation on the award of public contracts (VgV) ........................ 93
5.3 Regulation on the award of works contracts (VOB/A) ................... 94
5.4 Regulation on the award of contracts below the EU
thresholds (UVgO) ............................................................................... 95
Contents 11
5.4.1 Scope of UVgO ....................................................................... 96
5.4.2 Procedures below the thresholds .......................................... 96
5.5 Thresholds ............................................................................................. 97
5.6 E-procurement ...................................................................................... 99
5.7 Conclusions ......................................................................................... 100
6 Public procurement procedures in Lithuanian and German legal
frameworks ................................................................................................. 102
6.1 Open procedure .................................................................................. 103
6.1.1 New provisions ..................................................................... 104
6.1.2 Provisions in German law ................................................... 106
6.1.3 Provisions in Lithuanian law ............................................... 108
7 Restricted procedure ................................................................................. 110
7.1 Provisions in Germany ...................................................................... 113
7.2 Provisions in Lithuania ...................................................................... 114
8 Competitive procedure with negotiation and competitive dialogue ...... 115
8.1 Provisions in Germany ...................................................................... 118
8.2 Provisions in Lithuania ...................................................................... 119
9 Negotiated procedure without publication ............................................ 121
10 Innovation partnership ............................................................................. 123
10.1 Provisions in Germany ...................................................................... 124
10.2 Provisions in Lithuania ...................................................................... 125
11 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 125
IV. Key weaknesses of the EU procurement framework ............... 129
1 Wider application of competitive procedure with negotiation ............ 129
2 Administrative burden reduction opportunities ................................... 131
3 Better participation opportunities for SMEs in public
procurement ............................................................................................... 132
4 The criteria of the most economically advantageous tender ................ 135
5 Promoting innovation in public procurement ....................................... 137
6 Pre-commercial procurement .................................................................. 141
12 Contents
7 The need for professionalism among public contracting
authorities staff ........................................................................................... 143
8 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 145
V. Enforcement of the EU public procurement rules in

1 EU provisions ............................................................................................. 147
2 Evolution of legal regulation of public procurement disputes in
Lithuania ..................................................................................................... 149
3 The system of remedies for suppliers in the Republic of Lithuania .... 159
3.1 Judicial disputes in public procurement following the
legislation of the Republic of Lithuania ........................................... 160
3.2 Litigation efficiency and volumes ..................................................... 161
3.3 Pre-litigation procedures in public procurement ........................... 165
3.4 Different and mandatory time limits of pre-litigation
procedures ........................................................................................... 166
4 Problem of the claim ¿on the same subject matter¿ .............................. 168
5 Discretion of the public contracting authority as a factor for
dispute ......................................................................................................... 170
6 Information exchange between the supplier and the public
contracting authority during pre-litigation procedures ....................... 174
7 Review of the decision by the same entity .............................................. 178
8 Conclusions and suggestions .................................................................... 179
VI. Enforcement of the EU public procurement rules in German

1 History ......................................................................................................... 183
2 Remedies system above the thresholds ................................................... 184
2.1 Obligation to submit a claim to the public contracting
authority .............................................................................................. 185
2.2 First instance review...