Introduction; Part I. Humanitarian Consequences: 1. 'Estimating causal effects of sanctions impacts: the role of country studies, with an illustration from Venezuela' Francisco Rodríguez; 2. 'The impact of UNSC sanctions on food security in the DPRK' Hazel Smith; 3. 'Sowing discord: Iranian wheat imports under sanctions' Esfandyar Batmanghelidj; 4. 'Sanctions and their lasting legacy on Iraq's healthcare' Omar Dewachi; 5. 'The effect of sanctions on the DPRK: humanitarian exemptions and the health sector' C. Yoonhee Ryder, Edward I. Ham and Kee B. Park; 6. 'The gendered impact of sanctions on the DPRK' Suzy Kim and Kevin Gray; 7. 'Economic sanctions and the human security of Afghan migrants in Iran' Athar Shafaei; 8. 'The Impact of US Sanctions on Cuba's Economic Development' Raúl Rodríguez Rodríguez; 9. 'Blacklisting: The US's targeted sanctions against Cuba (1994-2021)' Seida Barrera Rodríguez, Ernesto Domínguez López and Melina J. Iturriaga Bartuste; 10. 'The 'Chilling Effect' of United States economic sanctions on banking and financial inclusion in Africa' Charles B. Chilufya, S.J. and Fernando C. Saldivar, S.J.; 11. 'The negative impact of sanctions on humanitarian aid' Alice Debarre; 12. 'Sanctions as barriers to the work of humanitarian organizations in Syria' Mohammad Kanfash; Part II. Legality, Legitimacy, and Accountability: 13. 'An overview of some legal issues concerning unilateral sanctions' Pierre-Emmanuel Dupont; 14. 'Unilateral sanctions and emerging issues of international human rights law' Alena F. Douhan; 15. 'A global analysis of economic sanctions and civil society participation in target countries' Dursun Peksen; 16. 'Hurting your own allies: the impact of US sanctions towards Venezuela and the fracturing of the wrong coalition' Benedicte Bull and Antulio Rosales; 17. 'Walking a diplomatic tightrope: the US and South Korea's sanctions against Iran' Deokjun Ha; 18. 'A private sector perspective on the sanctions-industrial complex' Nicholas W. Turner; 19. 'US Treasury Department blacklisting-and the barriers to delisting' Erich Ferrari; 20. 'Caught in the crosshairs of sanctions and anti-money laundering measures: informal value transfer systems and civil asset forfeiture' Rachel Barnes KC and Ryan Dowding; 21. 'Economic sanctions: accountability, legality, and legitimacy' Joy Gordon.