1 Introduction and Scope of Monograph.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Scope of monograph.- 1.3 Earlier reviews.- 2 Relevant Physical and Chemical Properties.- 2.1 Introduction and general properties.- 2.2 Acid-catalyzed decomposition.- 2.3 Formation of metal complexes.- 3 Reactions of Disulfiram and Diethyldithiocarbamate with Blood Constituents.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Formation of copper complexes.- 3.3 Formation of mixed disulfides.- 3.4 Uptake of disulfiram by blood cells.- 3.5 Summary.- 4 Assay Methods for Disulfiram and Metabolites in Biological Materials.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 General considerations.- 4.3 Specific methods.- 4.4 Other methods.- 5 Metabolism of Disulfiram and Diethyldithiocarbamate.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Formation of mixed disulfides with generation of diethyldithiocarbamate.- 5.3 Formation of disulfiram from diethyldithiocarbamate.- 5.4 Formation of the copper complex.- 5.5 S-glucuronide of diethyldithiocarbamic acid.- 5.6 Formation of carbon disulfide and diethylamine.- 5.7 Metabolism of carbon disulfide and formation of carbonyl sulfide.- 5.8 The methyl ester of diethyldithiocarbamic acid.- 5.9 The methyl ester of diethylmonothiocarbamic acid.- 5.10 Other metabolites.- 6 Pharmacokinetic Aspects of the Disposition of Disulfiram and Metabolites.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Methods.- 6.3 Urinary excretion of disulfiram metabolites.- 6.4 Pulmonary excretion of disulfiram metabolites.- 6.5 Plasma disulfiram and metabolites following its administration.- 6.6 Diethyldithiocarbamate and metabolites following its administration.- 7 Heavy Metals: Effects of Diethyldithiocarbamate and Disulfiram Administration.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Thallium.- 7.3 Zinc.- 7.4 Cadmium.- 7.5 Lead.- 7.6 Nickel.- 7.7 Copper.- 7.8 Mercury.- 7.9 Platinum.- 7.10 Polonium.- 8 Disulfiramand Diethyldithiocarbamate as Enzyme Inhibitors.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Inhibition of drug metabolizing enzymes.- 8.3 Inhibition of dopamine ?-hydroxylase.- 8.4 Inhibition of superoxide dismutase.- 8.5 Inactivation of glutathione peroxidase.- 8.6 Effect of catalase.- 9 Inhibition of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Phenomenology of the inhibition by disulfiram.- 9.3 Mechanism of the inhibition.- 9.4 Role of disulfiram metabolites.- 9.5 Inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenases in blood.- 9.6 Inhibition of metabolism of endogenous aldehydes.- 9.7 Aldehyde and xanthine oxidases.- 10 The Disulfiram-Ethanol Reaction.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Discovery and therapeutic application.- 10.3 Pharmacological characteristics.- 10.4 Blood acetaldehyde determination.- 10.5 The acetaldehyde hypothesis.- 10.6 Quest for animal models of the reaction.- 10.7 Effect of disulfiram on ethanol metabolism.- 10.8 The dopamine ?-hydroxylase hypothesis.- 10.9 Effect of ethanol in animals pretreated with disulfiram metabolites.- 10.10 Treatment of the disulfiram-ethanol reaction.- 11 Disulfiram Therapy of Alcohol Abuse.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Goals of disulfiram therapy.- 11.3 Disulfiram treatment components correlated with reduction of drinking days.- 11.4 Disulfiram therapy paradigms.- 11.5 Election of and continuation in treatment.- 11.6 Characteristics of disulfiram's therapeutic effects.- 11.7 Side effects of disulfiram therapy.- 11.8 Chemical compliance monitoring.- 11.9 Disulfiram implants.- 12 Immunomodulatory Effects of Diethyldithiocarbamate.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Stimulation of antibody response to sheep red blood cells.- 12.3 Enhancement of mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation.- 12.4 Effect on lymphoproliferative response to alloantigens.- 12.5 Interaction withasymmetrical neocortical lesions.- 12.6 Effects on cell-mediated cytotoxicity.- 12.7 Effect on delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction.- 12.8 Induction of T-cell differentiation.- 12.9 Effect on lymphocyte populations in vivo.- 12.10 Effects on mononuclear phagocytic cells.- 12.11 Experimental therapeutics.- 12.12 Immunomodulatory effects of related compounds.- 12.13 Conclusions.- 13 Clinical Status of Diethyldithiocarbamate as an Immunostimulant.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 In the treatment of HIV infections and AIDS.- 13.3 In gastrointestinal surgery patients.- 13.4 As a therapeutic agent in autoimmune disease.- 13.5 In patients with neoplastic disease.- 13.6 As an adjuvant for influenza vaccination.- 13.7 Summary.- 14 Modulation of Various Biological Phenomena.- 14.1 Cytotoxicity.- 14.2 Modulation of the effects of oxidative stress.- 14.3 Modulation of the effects of radiation and hyperthermia.- 15 Modulation of Cancer Chemotherapy.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Preclinical studies.- 15.3 Clinical studies.- 15.4 Conclusions.- 16 Toxicology.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Acute toxicity.- 16.3 Chronic toxicity.- 16.4 Effects on liver.- 16.5 Testing for mutagenicity.- 16.6 Testing for carcinogenicity.- 16.7 Testing for teratogenic and reproductive toxicity.- References.- Author and citation index.