Dylan V. Miller, MD, is a clinical professor with the Department of Pathology at the University of Utah School of Medicine. Dr. Miller is also Director of Electron Microscopy and Immunostains at

Intermountain Central Laboratory in

Salt Lake City, Utah

SECTION 1: AUTOPSY FUNDAMENTALS

INTRODUCTION
4 History of Autopsy
Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA
8 Autopsy Safety
Billie S. Fyfe, MD

AUTOPSY PERFORMANCE

EXTERNAL EXAMINATION
12 Medical Intervention
Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD
16 Postmortem Changes and External Examination
Billie S. Fyfe, MD

INTERNAL EXAMINATION
20 Body Cavities
Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA
26 Cardiovascular System
Dylan V. Miller, MD
30 Respiratory System
Leslie A. Litzky, MD
34 Hematopoietic System
Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA
40 Gastrointestinal System
Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA
48 Hepatobiliary System
Rachel Hudacko, MD and Jeanine Chiaffarano, DO
54 Genitourinary System
Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA
60 Endocrine System
Billie S. Fyfe, MD
66 Central Nervous System
Hasini Reddy, MD, DPhil and David S. Priemer, MD
72 Peripheral Nervous System
Roy H. Rhodes, MD, PhD
76 Integumentary System
Dylan V. Miller, MD
80 Oral Cavity
Billie S. Fyfe, MD
84 Medical Devices
Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD

LABORATORY TESTING
88 Chemistry
Rachel Hudacko, MD
90 Microbiology
Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA
94 Cytology
Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA
POSTMORTEM IMAGING
100 Postmortem Radiography and Virtual Autopsy
Billie S. Fyfe, MD

POSTMORTEM HISTOLOGY
106 Postmortem Histology
Alex K. Williamson, MD

AUTOPSY CONSENT AND REPORTING

AUTOPSY CONSENT
110 Autopsy Consent and Reporting
Dylan V. Miller, MD

AUTOPSY REPORTING
112 Death Certification
Alex K. Williamson, MD and Billie S. Fyfe, MD
116 Autopsy Report
Corinne L. Fligner, MD and Dylan V. Miller, MD
118 Presenting Autopsy Findings
Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA

SECTION 2: ORGAN SYSTEM APPROACH TO AUTOPSY SUDDEN AND UNEXPECTED DEATH

CARDIOVASCULAR

122 Pulmonary Thromboembolism
Billie S. Fyfe, MD
128 Acute Myocardial Infarction
Vidhya Nair, MD and Dylan V. Miller, MD
132 Cardiomyopathy
Dylan V. Miller, MD
136 Myocarditis
Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD and Dylan V. Miller, MD
142 Cardiac Conduction System
Dylan V. Miller, MD
148 Aortic Dissection
Billie S. Fyfe, MD
154 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Billie S. Fyfe, MD

RESPIRATORY
160 Pulmonary Edema
Leslie A. Litzky, MD
164 Pulmonary Hemorrhage
Leslie A. Litzky, MD
168 Tension Pneumothorax
Leslie A. Litzky, MD

GASTROINTESTINAL
172 Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA
178 Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Rachel Hudacko, MD and Jeanine Chiaffarano, DO
182 Intestinal Ischemia
Rachel Hudacko, MD
HEPATOBILIARY
186 Hepatic Hemorrhage
Rachel Hudacko, MD
190 Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis
Rachel Hudacko, MD
194 Acute Liver Failure
Rachel Hudacko, MD and Jeanine Chiaffarano, DO

GENITOURINARY
198 Pregnancy Complications
Corinne L. Fligner, MD and Billie S. Fyfe, MD
204 Acute Renal Failure
Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD and Paisit Paueksakon, MD

ENDOCRINE
214 Adrenal Insufficiency
Dylan V. Miller, MD
218 Adrenocortical Excess
Patrick Lento, MD

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
222 Seizure Disorders
Hasini Reddy, MD, DPhil and David S. Priemer, MD
226 Subdural Hemorrhage
Roy H. Rhodes, MD, PhD and David S. Priemer, MD
230 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Roy H. Rhodes, MD, PhD and David S. Priemer, MD
234 Stroke
Hasini Reddy, MD, DPhil and David S. Priemer, MD

POSTOPERATIVE/ POSTINTERVENTIONAL DEATH

IATROGENIC
240 Therapeutic Complications
Billie S. Fyfe, MD

CARDIOVASCULAR
244 Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Dylan V. Miller, MD
248 Overview of Coronary Artery Stents
Dylan V. Miller, MD
252 Valve Replacement (Including Transcatheter)
Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD
258 Ventricular Assist Devices
Dylan V. Miller, MD
264 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Repair
Billie S. Fyfe, MD and George P. Batsides, MD

GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY
270 Pancreas Resection
Rachel Hudacko, MD and Jeanine Chiaffarano, DO
274 Gastrectomy and Esophagectomy
Rachel Hudacko, MD
278 Bariatric Surgery
Rachel Hudacko, MD
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
282 Central Nervous System Tumors
Roy H. Rhodes, MD, PhD and David S. Priemer, MD
288 Cerebral Aneurysm and Vascular Malformation
Roy H. Rhodes, MD, PhD and David S. Priemer, MD

SECTION 3: DISEASE PROCESS APPROACH TO AUTOPSY

TRANSPLANTATION
296 Heart Transplant
Dylan V. Miller, MD
302 Lung Transplant
Leslie A. Litzky, MD
306 Kidney Transplant
Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD and Paisit Paueksakon, MD
316 Liver Transplant
Rachel Hudacko, MD and Patrick Lento, MD
322 Pancreas Transplant
Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD and Billie S. Fyfe, MD
328 Bone Marrow Transplant
Dylan V. Miller, MD
332 Deceased Donor Autopsy
Billie S. Fyfe, MD

INFECTION-RELATED DEATH

SYSTEMIC INFECTION/SEPSIS OVERVIEW
334 HIV/AIDS
Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA
340 Shock and Sepsis
Billie S. Fyfe, MD and Christine Minerowicz, MD

ORGAN SYSTEM INFECTION
346 Bronchopneumonia
Leslie A. Litzky, MD
350 Infective Endocarditis
Dylan V. Miller, MD
354 Clostridioides difficile Enterocolitis
Billie S. Fyfe, MD
358 Viral Hepatitis
Rachel Hudacko, MD and Jeanine Chiaffarano, DO
362 Urosepsis
Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA

NEOPLASIA-ASSOCIATED DEATH
366 Neoplasia-Associated Death
Billie S. Fyfe, MD
374 Death Due to Paraneoplastic Effect
Harold Sanchez, MD, Bethany Faust, MD, and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA

OTHER COMMON HOSPITAL DEATH

378 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA
382 Ventilator-Dependent Respiratory Failure
Leslie A. Litzky, MD
386 Chronic Liver Failure
Rachel Hudacko, MD and Jeanine Chiaffarano, DO
392 Chronic Kidney Disease
Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD
400 Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease
Hasini Reddy, MD, DPhil and David S. Priemer, MD

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE-RELATED DEATH
406 Approach to Autopsy in Setting of Autoimmune
Disease (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)
David S. Priemer, MD
412 Dermatomyositis
David S. Priemer, MD
414 Vasculitis
Billie S. Fyfe, MD
420 Amyloidosis
Billie S. Fyfe, MD