CRYSTALLIZATION: INTRODUCTION

MECHANISMS OF CRYSTALLIZATION
Crystal Lattice
Nucleation of Crystals
Growth and Growth Rate of Crystals

SOLUBILITY AND SOLUTION EQUILIBRIA IN CRYSTALLIZATION
Phase Equilibria and Phase Diagrams: General Issues
Melt Phase Diagrams
Solution Equilibria

AGGLOMERATION DURING CRYSTALLIZATION
Mechanisms and Kinetics of Agglomeration
Parameters Influencing Agglomeration
Agglomeration during Crystallization
Mechanical Properties of Agglomerates

POLYMORPHISM OF CRYSTALLINE SYSTEMS
Introduction and Definitions
Occurrence and Properties of Polymorphs and Solvates
Thermodynamics of Polymorphs of Solid-State Forms
Thermodynamics of Hydrates
Experimental Techniques to Elucidate Thermodynamics
Formation of Various Polymorphs and Solid-State Forms-Polymorph Screens
Selection of Optimal Form for Development

THE INFLUENCE OF ADDITIVES AND IMPURITIES ON CRYSTALLIZATION
Influence of Additives and Impurities on Crystallization
Influence of Impurities: Modeling
Tailor-Made Additives
Modeling the Influence of Solvents

PURIFICATION BY CRYSTALLIZATION
Introduction
Mechanisms of Impurity Incorporation and Purification

CHARACTERIZATION OF CRYSTALLINE PRODUCTS
Introduction
Characterization of Intrinsic Properties of a Solid
Characterization of Particle Shape and Size
Powder Flow Properties
In-Process Characterization

BASICS OF INDUSTRIAL CRYSTALLIZATION FROM SOLUTION
Generation of Supersaturation in a Crystallizer
Mass and Population Balance for Growth from Suspension
Operation of a Continuous Crystallizer: Basics
Operation of a Batch Crystallizer: Basics

DEVELOPMENT OF BATCH CRYSTALLIZATIONS
Setting Goals
Crystallization of Organic Moieties
Generation of Supersaturation in Batch Crystallizations
Initiation of Crystallization - Nucleation Phase
Seeded Batch Crystallizations
Crystallization Period
Scale-Up Considerations
Manipulating Particle Shape

CONTINUOUS CRYSTALLIZATION
Concept and Design of Continuous Crystallizers
Various Continuous Crystallizers
Periphery
Special Features of the Process
Adjustment of Suspension Densities

PRECIPITATION
Precipitation from Solution by Mixing Two Streams
Semi-Batch Precipitations
Model of Mixing during Precipitation
Precipitations Using Supercritical Fluids
Crystal Issues
Particle Size as a Function of Operating Conditions

MIXING IN CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESSES
Mixing in Batch and Continuous Crystallization Processes
Basic Mixing Tasks - Mixing Tasks in Crystallization
Impellers and Agitation Systems
Power Consumption of an Impeller System [2]
Blending
Suspending
Scale-Up of a Crystallization Process

DOWNSTREAM PROCESSES
Transfer of Suspension and Filter Cake
Solid?Liquid Separation
Drying

MELT CRYSTALLIZATION
Characteristics of Melt Crystallization
Processes of Melt Crystallization
Postcrystallization Treatments
Laboratory Techniques

EXAMPLES OF REALIZED CONTINUOUS CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESSES
Choosing the Drain Point in Process Design
Example Crop Crystallization for Organic Compounds
Example Crystallization of Table Salt
Results

DESIGN EXAMPLES OF MELT CRYSTALLIZATION
Concepts of Melt Crystallization
Outlook

INDEX