Introduction. Christianity and freedom: ancient roots and historical innovations Timothy Samuel Shah; 1. God and freedom: biblical roots of the Western idea of liberty Rémi Brague; 2. Theological and secular arguments for religious freedom in early Christian thought Timothy Samuel Shah; 3. The Christian roots of religious freedom Robert Louis Wilken; 4. Lactantius on religious liberty and his influence on Constantine Elizabeth DePalma Digeser; 5. Augustine and religious freedom John Rist; 6. Christianity and the roots of human dignity in late antiquity Kyle Harper; 7. Liberty of conscience and freedom of religion in the medieval canonists and theologians Ian Christopher Levy; 8. Faith, liberty, and the defense of the poor: Bishop Las Casas in the history of human rights David M. Lantigua; 9. Calvinist contributions to freedom in early modern Europe John Witte, Jr; 10. Constitutional protection of the freedom of conscience in colonial America: the Rhode Island and Pennsylvania experiments David Little; 11. Christianity and freedom in the American founding Matthew J. Franck; 12. Vibrant Christian pluralism and the evolution and defense of religious liberty in America Judge Kenneth Winston Starr; 13. Orthodox Christian contributions to freedom: historical foundations, contemporary problematics Elizabeth H. Prodromou; 14. Christianity: a straggler on the road to liberty? Daniel Philpott; 15. Protestant missionaries and the centrality of conversion attempts for the spread of education, printing, colonial reform, and political democracy Robert D. Woodberry.