Scott Empson is an instructor in the Department of Information Systems Technology at the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, where he has taught for more than 20 years. He teaches technical courses in Cisco routing and switching, along with courses in professional development and leadership. He has a Master of Education degree along with three undergraduate degrees: a Bachelor of Arts, with a major in English; a Bachelor of Education, again with a major in English/language arts; and a Bachelor of Applied Information Systems Technology, with a major in network management. Scott lives in Edmonton, Alberta, with his wife, Trina, and two university-attending-but-still-haven’t-moved-out-yet-but-hope-to-move-out-as-soon-aspossible-after-graduation-so-Dad-can-have-the-TV-room-back children, Zachariah and Shaelyn.

Introduction xix

Part I: Network Fundamentals

CHAPTER 1 IPv4 Addressing–How It Works 1

What Are IPv4 Addresses Used For? 1

What Does an IPv4 Address Look Like? 2

Network and Subnetwork Masks 2

Ways to Write a Network or Subnet Mask 3

Network, Node, and Broadcast Addresses 3

Classes of IPv4 Addresses 4

Network vs. Node (Host) Bits 5

RFC (Private) 1918 Addresses 6

Local vs. Remote Addresses 7

Classless Addressing 7

Lessons Learned 9

CHAPTER 2 How to Subnet IPv4 Addresses 11

Subnetting a Class C Network Using Binary 12

Subnetting a Class B Network Using Binary 15

Binary ANDing 17

So Why AND? 19

Shortcuts in Binary ANDing 20

CHAPTER 3 Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) 23

IP Subnet Zero 23

VLSM Example 24

Step 1: Determine How Many H Bits Will Be Needed to Satisfy the Largest Network 25

Step 2: Pick a Subnet for the Largest Network to Use 25

Step 3: Pick the Next Largest Network to Work With 26

Step 4: Pick the Third Largest Network to Work With 28

Step 5: Determine Network Numbers for Serial Links 30

CHAPTER 4 Route Summarization 33

Example for Understanding Route Summarization 33

Step 1: Summarize Winnipeg’s Routes 34

Step 2: Summarize Calgary’s Routes 35

Step 3: Summarize Edmonton’s Routes 35

Step 4: Summarize Vancouver’s Routes 36

Route Summarization and Route Flapping 38

Requirements for Route Summarization 38

CHAPTER 5 IPv6 Addressing–How It Works 39

IPv6: A Very Brief Introduction 39

What Does an IPv6 Address Look Like? 40

Reducing the Notation of an IPv6 Address 41

Rule 1: Omit Leading 0s 41

Rule 2: Omit All-0s Hextet 42

Combining Rule 1 and Rule 2 42

Prefix Length Notation 43

IPv6 Address Types 44

Unicast Addresses 45

Multicast Addresses 48

Anycast Addresses 50

CHAPTER 6 Cables and Connections 51

Connecting a Rollover Cable to Your Router or Switch 51

Using a USB Cable to Connect to Your Router or Switch 51

Terminal Settings 52

LAN Connections 53

Serial Cable Types 53

Which Cable to Use? 55

ANSI/TIA Cabling Standards 56

T568A Versus T568B Cables 57

CHAPTER 7 The Command-Line Interface 59

Shortcuts for Entering Commands 59

Using the Tab Key to Complete Commands 60

Console Error Messages 60

Using the Question Mark for Help 60

enable Command 61

exit Command 61

end Command 61

disable Command 61

logout Command 62

Setup Mode 62

Keyboard Help 62

History Commands 63

terminal Commands 64

show Commands 64

Using the Pipe Parameter ( | ) with the show or more Commands 64

Using the no and default Forms of Commands 66

Part II: LAN Switching Technologies

CHAPTER 8 Configuring a Switch 67

Help Commands 68

Command Modes 68

Verifying Commands 68

Resetting Switch Configuration 69

Setting Host Names 69

Setting Passwords 69

Setting IP Addresses and Default Gateways 70

Setting Interface Descriptions 70

The mdix auto Command 70

Setting Duplex Operation 71

Setting Operation Speed 71

Managing the MAC Address Table 72

Configuration Example 72

CHAPTER 9 VLANs 75

Creating Static VLANs 75

Creating Static VLANs Using VLAN Configuration Mode 75

Assigning Ports to VLANs 76

Using the range Command 76

Configuring a Voice VLAN 76

Configuring Voice and Data with Trust 77

Configuring Voice and Data Without Trust 78

Verifying VLAN Information 78

Saving VLAN Configurations 79

Erasing VLAN Configurations 79

Configuration Example: VLANs 80

2960 Switch 80

CHAPTER 10 VLAN Trunking Protocol and Inter-VLAN Communication 83

Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP) 83

Setting the VLAN Encapsulation Type 84

VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) 84

Verifying VTP 86

Inter-VLAN Communication Using an External Router: Router-on-a-Stick 87

Inter-VLAN Communication on a Multilayer Switch Through a Switch Virtual Interface 88

Removing L2 Switchport Capability of an Interface on an L3 Switch 88

Configuring Inter-VLAN Communication on an L3 Switch 88

Inter-VLAN Communication Tips 88

Configuration Example: Inter-VLAN Communication 89

ISP Router 89

CORP Router 90

L2Switch2 (Catalyst 2960) 92

L3Switch1 (Catalyst 3560/3650/3750) 94

L2Switch1 (Catalyst 2960) 95

CHAPTER 11 Spanning Tree Protocol 97

Spanning Tree Protocol Definition 97

Enabling Spanning Tree Protocol 98

Changing the Spanning-Tree Mode 99

BPDU Guard (3650/9xxx Series) 99

Configuring the Root Switch 100

Configuring a Secondary Root Switch 100

Configuring Port Priority 100

Configuring the Path Cost 101

Configuring the Switch Priority of a VLAN 101

Configuring STP Timers 102

Configuring Optional Spanning-Tree Features 102

PortFast 102

BPDU Guard (2xxx/Older 3xxx Series) 103

Enabling the Extended System ID 103

Verifying STP 104

Troubleshooting Spanning Tree Protocol 104

Configuration Example: PVST+ 104

Core Switch (3650) 105

Distribution 1 Switch (3650) 106

Distribution 2 Switch (3650) 106

Access 1 Switch (2960) 107

Access 2 Switch (2960) 107

Spanning-Tree Migration Example: PVST+ to Rapid-PVST+ 108

Access 1 Switch (2960) 108

Access 2 Switch (2960) 108

Distribution 1 Switch (3650) 109

Distribution 2 Switch (3650) 109

Core Switch (3650) 109

CHAPTER 12 EtherChannel 111

EtherChannel 111

Interface Modes in EtherChannel 111

Default EtherChannel Configuration 112

Guidelines for Configuring EtherChannel 112

Configuring Layer 2 EtherChannel 113

Configuring Layer 3 EtherChannel 114

Configuring EtherChannel Load Balancing 114

Configuring LACP Hot-Standby Ports 115

Monitoring and Verifying EtherChannel 116

Configuration Example: EtherChannel 117

DLSwitch (3560 or 9300) 117

ALSwitch1 (2960 or 9200) 118

ALSwitch2 (2960 or 9200) 119

CHAPTER 13 Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) and Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) 121

Cisco Discovery Protocol 121

Configuring CDP 121

Verifying and Troubleshooting CDP 122

CDP Design Tips 122

Link Layer Discovery Protocol (802.1AB) 123

Configuring LLDP (802.1AB) 123

Verifying and Troubleshooting LLDP 124

Part III: Routing Technologies

CHAPTER 14 Configuring a Cisco Router 125

Router Modes 126

Entering Global Configuration Mode 126

Configuring a Router Name 126

Configuring Passwords 126

Password Encryption 127

Interface Names 127

Moving Between Interfaces 131

Configuring a Serial Interface 132

Assigning an IPv4 Address to a Fast Ethernet Interface 132

Assigning an IPv4 Address to a Gigabit Ethernet Interface 132

Assigning IPv6 Addresses to Interfaces 133

Creating a Message-of-the-Day Banner 133

Creating a Login Banner 134

Mapping a Local Host Name to a Remote IP Address 134

The no ip domain-lookup Command 134

Working with DNS on a Router 134

The logging synchronous Command 135

The exec-timeout Command 136

Saving Configurations 136

Erasing Configurations 136

The write Command 137

Verifying Your Configurations Using show Commands 137

EXEC Commands in Configuration Mode: The do Command 138

Configuration Example: Basic Router Configuration 138

Boston Router 138

CHAPTER 15 Static Routing 141

Configuring an IPv4 Static Route 141

Static Routes and Recursive Lookups 142

The permanent Keyword 142

Floating Static Routes in IPv4 and Administrative Distance 143

Configuring an IPv4 Default Route 144

Verifying IPv4 Static Routes 144

Configuration Example: IPv4 Static Routes 144

Ketchikan Router 145

Juneau Router 145

Sitka Router 146

Configuring an IPv6 Static Route 146

Floating Static Routes in IPv6 147

Configuring an IPv6 Default Route 147

Verifying IPv6 Static Routes 147

CHAPTER 16 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 149

OSPFv2 Versus OSPFv3 149

Configuring OSPF 150

Using Wildcard Masks with OSPF Areas 150

Loopback Interfaces 152

Router ID 152

DR/BDR Elections 153

Timers 153

Verifying OSPFv2 Configurations 153

Troubleshooting OSPFv2 154

Configuration Example: Single-Area OSPF 154

Austin Router 155

Houston Router 156

Galveston Router 157

Part IV: IP Services

CHAPTER 17 DHCP 159

Configuring a DHCP Server on an IOS Router 159

Using Cisco IP Phones with a DHCP Server 160

Verifying and Troubleshooting DHCP Configuration 160

Configuring a DHCP Helper Address 161

Configuring a DHCP Client on a Cisco IOS Software Ethernet Interface 162

Configuration Example: DHCP 162

Edmonton Router 162

Gibbons Router 164

CHAPTER 18 Network Address Translation (NAT) 165

Private IP Addresses: RFC 1918 165

Configuring Dynamic NAT: One Private to One Public Address Translation 165

Configuring PAT: Many Private to One Public Address Translation 167

Configuring...