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People have been interested in caves for a very long time. Our distant ancestors used them for shelter, as sources of water, and as places in which to conduct essential rituals. They adorned their walls with quite sophisticated artwork depicting both their existential and spiritual concerns. Caves feature in our mythology, they are used as places of worship in many cultures, and they are used throughout the world as places in which to store prized foodstuffs and wine. For at least two hundred years they have attracted scientists, artists, photographers, and recreational cavers. This book aims examines how caves form, the light they shed on past environments and climates, and the values, both environmental and cultural, that they provide to humanity. This second edition of Caves: Processes, Development, and Management is a welcome revision of the author's earlier treatment released over twenty years ago. It has been updated, significantly expanded, and largely rewritten. The intervening years have seen a dramatic increase in karst and cave research globally, with significant advances in our understanding of fundamental processes, in our ability to extract proxy climatic and environmental data from cave deposits, and in our understanding of the breadth of cave values and as a result the complexity of their management needs. This new edition adopts a broad international perspective in the research examples used and the cited literature, and has actively sought out material from the tropical world and the southern continents, thus avoiding the European and North American bias frequently found in speleological publications. Caves: Processes, Development, and Management, Second Edition, is organised into four sections. In the first section, contemporary processes of cave formation are examined. The second section of the book deals with past processes and their physical manifestation. In the third section, the use of caves by various organisms from bacteria to humans is explored. The final section of the book reviews our changing approaches to cave management and to catchment management on karst terrains. The book will be of use to anyone who is interested in caves and karst, or who wants to understand about cave formation, development, values and management.
People have been interested in caves for a very long time. Our distant ancestors used them for shelter, as sources of water, and as places in which to conduct essential rituals. They adorned their walls with quite sophisticated artwork depicting both their existential and spiritual concerns. Caves feature in our mythology, they are used as places of worship in many cultures, and they are used throughout the world as places in which to store prized foodstuffs and wine. For at least two hundred years they have attracted scientists, artists, photographers, and recreational cavers. This book aims examines how caves form, the light they shed on past environments and climates, and the values, both environmental and cultural, that they provide to humanity. This second edition of Caves: Processes, Development, and Management is a welcome revision of the author's earlier treatment released over twenty years ago. It has been updated, significantly expanded, and largely rewritten. The intervening years have seen a dramatic increase in karst and cave research globally, with significant advances in our understanding of fundamental processes, in our ability to extract proxy climatic and environmental data from cave deposits, and in our understanding of the breadth of cave values and as a result the complexity of their management needs. This new edition adopts a broad international perspective in the research examples used and the cited literature, and has actively sought out material from the tropical world and the southern continents, thus avoiding the European and North American bias frequently found in speleological publications. Caves: Processes, Development, and Management, Second Edition, is organised into four sections. In the first section, contemporary processes of cave formation are examined. The second section of the book deals with past processes and their physical manifestation. In the third section, the use of caves by various organisms from bacteria to humans is explored. The final section of the book reviews our changing approaches to cave management and to catchment management on karst terrains. The book will be of use to anyone who is interested in caves and karst, or who wants to understand about cave formation, development, values and management.
Über den Autor
About the Author
David Shaw Gillieson is an Honorary Professorial Fellow at the School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia. He has held academic appointments at the Australian National University, University of New South Wales and James Cook University. Over the last fifty years he has explored and studied caves in Australasia, Europe, North America, Oceania and Southeast Asia. He is currently Treasurer of the Australasian Cave and Karst Management Association, and is a former Chair of the International Geographical Union Commission on Karst. He has been involved in the evaluation and writing of World Heritage nominations, and cave and karst management plans across the globe.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Preface and Acknowledgements
Figure Permissions
Plate Permissions
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Some Basic Propositions
1.2 Now the Details...
Chapter 2: Caves and Karst
2.1 What is a Cave?
2.2 What is Karst?
2.3 Caves as Systems
2.4 Caves as Geomorphic Systems
2.5 Caves as Biological Systems
2.6 Where are the Deepest and Longest Caves?
Chapter 3: Cave Hydrology
3.1 Basic Concepts in Karst Drainage Systems
3.2 Porosity and Permeability
3.2.1 Diffuse flow
3.2.2 Fissure flow
3.2.3 Conduit flow
3.2.4 Understanding the karst drainage system
3.3 Zonation of the Karst Drainage System
3.4 Defining the Catchment of a Cave
3.5 Analysis of Karst Drainage Systems
3.5.1 Water tracing techniques
3.5.2 Spring hydrograph analysis
3.5.3 Spring chemograph analysis
3.6 Structure and Function of Karst Drainage Systems
3.6.1 Storage and transfers in the karst system
3.6.2 The role of extreme events
3.7 Karst Hydrology of the Mammoth Cave Plateau, Kentucky
Chapter 4: Processes of Rock Dissolution
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Karst Rocks
4.2.1 Limestone
4.2.2 Dolomite
4.2.3 Evaporite rocks - Gypsum and Halite
4.2.4 Sandstone
4.2.5 Granite
4.3 Processes of Dissolution of Karst Rocks
4.3.1 The solution of limestone in meteoric waters
4.3.2 Soil and vegetation in the limestone solution process
4.3.3 The zoning of solution in the unsaturated zone
4.3.4 Limestone solution in seawater
4.4 Hydrothermal Solution of Limestone
4.5 Solution of Evaporites
4.6 Solution of Silicates in Meteoric Waters
4.7 Caves in Quaternary Limestone in Southern Australia
Chapter 5: Speleogenesis
5.1 Classifying Cave Systems
5.2 Controls of Rock Structure on Cave Development
5.2.1 Role of lithology
5.2.2 Role of joints, fractures, and faults
5.2.3 Cave breakdown and evaporite weathering
5.3 Meteoric Speleogenesis, Unconfined and Confined
5.3.1 Formation of caves in plan
5.3.2 Formation of caves in length and depth
5.3.3 The formation of maze caves
5.4 Tectonic and Eustatic Controls on Cave Development
5.5 Deep Shafts of the World
5.6 Hypogene Speleogenesis
5.6.1 Solutional mesoforms as indicators of hypogene origin
5.6.2 Condensation and corrosion in passage enlargement
5.7 Flank Margin Speleogenesis
5.8 Caves Formed in Gypsum
5.9 Lava Tubes, Weathering Caves, and Pseudokarst
5.9.1 The formation of lava tubes
5.9.2 Weathering caves and pseudokarst
5.10 Life History and Antiquity of Caves
5.11 Geological Control and the World's Longest Cave
Chapter 6: Cave Interior Deposits
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Carbonates
6.3 Controls over Carbonate Mineralogy
6.4 Other Cave Deposits Formed by Carbonate Minerals
6.5 Growth Rates of Speleothems
6.6 Important Non-Carbonate Minerals
6.7 Evaporites (Sulphates and Halides)
6.8 Phosphates and Nitrates
6.9 Oxides, Silicates, and Hydroxides
6.10 Ice in Caves
6.11 Other Minerals
6.12 Cave Deposits of the Nullarbor Plain, Australia
Chapter 7: Cave Sediments
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Clastic Sediment Types
7.3 Processes of Sedimentation
7.3.1 Gravity-fall processes
7.3.2 Waterlain clastic sediments
7.3.3 Cave and rockshelter entrance deposits
7.4 Sediment Transport and Particle Size
7.5 Diagenesis of Cave Sediments
7.6 Stratigraphy and its Interpretation
7.7 Provenance Studies
7.8 Cave Sediments and Environmental History at Zhoukoudian, China
Chapter 8: Dating Cave Deposits
8.1 The Importance of Dating Cave Deposits
8.2 Dating Techniques and the Quaternary Timescale
8.3 Palaeomagnetism
8.4 Uranium Series; Uranium-Thorium, Uranium-Lead
8.5 Radiocarbon
8.6 Other Dating Methods: Cosmogenic Radionuclides, and Tephrochronology
8.7 Timing Glacial and Interglacial Events in New Zealand
Chapter 9: Cave Deposits and Past Climates
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Oxygen Isotope Analysis
9.3 The Last Glacial-Interglacial Temperature Record
9.4 Carbon Isotopes and Environmental Changes
9.5 Cyclone History in the Indo-Pacific Region
9.6 Other Proxy Records (Trace Elements, Annual Laminae, Pollen, Lipid Biomarkers)
9.7 The Long Environmental History of the Nullarbor Plain, Australia
9.8 Some Speculations on the Future
Chapter 10: Cave Ecology
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification of Cave Life and its Function
10.3 Adaptations and Modifications to Life in Darkness
10.4 Life Zones within Caves
10.5 The Cave as a Habitat
10.6 Energy Flows in Cave Ecosystems
10.7 Cave Microbiology
10.8 Origin and Dispersal of Cave-Dwelling Animals
10.9 Threats to Cave Fauna
10.10 Conservation of Biological Diversity in Caves
10.11 Caves and Ecosystem Services
10.12 White Nose Syndrome
10.13 Unravelling the Secrets of the Carrai Bat Cave
Chapter 11: Cave Archaeology
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Prehistoric uses of caves
11.3 Cave faunas and hominids
11.4 Cave art in context
11.5 Depositional environments in caves
11.6 Cave deposits and biological conservation
11.7 Taphonomy of cave deposits
11.8 Archaeology of Liang Bua Cave, Flores (the Hobbit Cave)
Chapter 12: Historic Uses of Caves
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Caves as Shelter
12.3 Caves as Sacred Spaces
12.4 Caves as Sources of Raw Materials
12.5 Cave Tourism
12.6 Cave Dwellings in Turkey
Chapter 13: Cave Management
13.1 Introduction - Caves as Contested Spaces
13.2 Interpretation and Guide Training
13.3 Cave Lighting
13.4 Some Engineering Issues in Caves
13.5 Impacts of Visitors and Infrastructure on Show Caves
13.6 Radon Risk in Caves
13.7 Cave Cleaning and its Impacts
13.8 Impacts of Recreational Caving on Caves
13.9 Cave Rescue
13.10 Cave Inventories and Alternative Management Concepts
13.11 Rehabilitation and Restoration of Caves
13.12 Cave Classification and Management
13.13 Policy Approaches to Cave and Karst Protection
13.14 Management of the Gunung Mulu World Heritage Area, Sarawak, Malaysia
Chapter 14: Catchment Management in Karst
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Basic Concepts in Karst Management
14.3 Defining Karst Catchments
14.4 Vegetation and Caves
14.5 Accelerated Soil Loss in Karst
14.6 Agricultural Impacts
14.6.1 Rocky desertification
14.6.2 Infilling of dolines
14.6.3 Altered drainage
14.6.4 Groundwater lowering
14.6.5 Fertiliser and herbicides
14.6.6 Pesticides
14.6.7 Microbial contamination of groundwater
14.6.8 Golf courses on karst
14.7 Fire Management in Karst
14.8 Conservation Issues in Karst
14.9 Assessing Vulnerability in Karst Management
14.9.1 Karst Disturbance Index
14.9.2 Karst Groundwater Vulnerability
14.10 Data Availability
14.10.1 Understanding disputes over cave and karst resources
14.11 The IUCN Guidelines for Cave and Karst Protection
Chapter 15: Documentation of Caves
15.1 Cave Use Classification
15.2 Geoheritage Assessment
15.3 Cave Mapping
15.4 Cave Photography
15.5 3D Scanning of Caves
15.5.1 Processing
15.5.2 Use in scientific studies
15.5.3 Drones
15.6 Mapping World Heritage Caves in Gunung Mulu National Park, Malaysia
Further Reading
Electronic Media Sources
Glossary
Index
Figure Permissions
Plate Permissions
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Some Basic Propositions
1.2 Now the Details...
Chapter 2: Caves and Karst
2.1 What is a Cave?
2.2 What is Karst?
2.3 Caves as Systems
2.4 Caves as Geomorphic Systems
2.5 Caves as Biological Systems
2.6 Where are the Deepest and Longest Caves?
Chapter 3: Cave Hydrology
3.1 Basic Concepts in Karst Drainage Systems
3.2 Porosity and Permeability
3.2.1 Diffuse flow
3.2.2 Fissure flow
3.2.3 Conduit flow
3.2.4 Understanding the karst drainage system
3.3 Zonation of the Karst Drainage System
3.4 Defining the Catchment of a Cave
3.5 Analysis of Karst Drainage Systems
3.5.1 Water tracing techniques
3.5.2 Spring hydrograph analysis
3.5.3 Spring chemograph analysis
3.6 Structure and Function of Karst Drainage Systems
3.6.1 Storage and transfers in the karst system
3.6.2 The role of extreme events
3.7 Karst Hydrology of the Mammoth Cave Plateau, Kentucky
Chapter 4: Processes of Rock Dissolution
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Karst Rocks
4.2.1 Limestone
4.2.2 Dolomite
4.2.3 Evaporite rocks - Gypsum and Halite
4.2.4 Sandstone
4.2.5 Granite
4.3 Processes of Dissolution of Karst Rocks
4.3.1 The solution of limestone in meteoric waters
4.3.2 Soil and vegetation in the limestone solution process
4.3.3 The zoning of solution in the unsaturated zone
4.3.4 Limestone solution in seawater
4.4 Hydrothermal Solution of Limestone
4.5 Solution of Evaporites
4.6 Solution of Silicates in Meteoric Waters
4.7 Caves in Quaternary Limestone in Southern Australia
Chapter 5: Speleogenesis
5.1 Classifying Cave Systems
5.2 Controls of Rock Structure on Cave Development
5.2.1 Role of lithology
5.2.2 Role of joints, fractures, and faults
5.2.3 Cave breakdown and evaporite weathering
5.3 Meteoric Speleogenesis, Unconfined and Confined
5.3.1 Formation of caves in plan
5.3.2 Formation of caves in length and depth
5.3.3 The formation of maze caves
5.4 Tectonic and Eustatic Controls on Cave Development
5.5 Deep Shafts of the World
5.6 Hypogene Speleogenesis
5.6.1 Solutional mesoforms as indicators of hypogene origin
5.6.2 Condensation and corrosion in passage enlargement
5.7 Flank Margin Speleogenesis
5.8 Caves Formed in Gypsum
5.9 Lava Tubes, Weathering Caves, and Pseudokarst
5.9.1 The formation of lava tubes
5.9.2 Weathering caves and pseudokarst
5.10 Life History and Antiquity of Caves
5.11 Geological Control and the World's Longest Cave
Chapter 6: Cave Interior Deposits
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Carbonates
6.3 Controls over Carbonate Mineralogy
6.4 Other Cave Deposits Formed by Carbonate Minerals
6.5 Growth Rates of Speleothems
6.6 Important Non-Carbonate Minerals
6.7 Evaporites (Sulphates and Halides)
6.8 Phosphates and Nitrates
6.9 Oxides, Silicates, and Hydroxides
6.10 Ice in Caves
6.11 Other Minerals
6.12 Cave Deposits of the Nullarbor Plain, Australia
Chapter 7: Cave Sediments
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Clastic Sediment Types
7.3 Processes of Sedimentation
7.3.1 Gravity-fall processes
7.3.2 Waterlain clastic sediments
7.3.3 Cave and rockshelter entrance deposits
7.4 Sediment Transport and Particle Size
7.5 Diagenesis of Cave Sediments
7.6 Stratigraphy and its Interpretation
7.7 Provenance Studies
7.8 Cave Sediments and Environmental History at Zhoukoudian, China
Chapter 8: Dating Cave Deposits
8.1 The Importance of Dating Cave Deposits
8.2 Dating Techniques and the Quaternary Timescale
8.3 Palaeomagnetism
8.4 Uranium Series; Uranium-Thorium, Uranium-Lead
8.5 Radiocarbon
8.6 Other Dating Methods: Cosmogenic Radionuclides, and Tephrochronology
8.7 Timing Glacial and Interglacial Events in New Zealand
Chapter 9: Cave Deposits and Past Climates
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Oxygen Isotope Analysis
9.3 The Last Glacial-Interglacial Temperature Record
9.4 Carbon Isotopes and Environmental Changes
9.5 Cyclone History in the Indo-Pacific Region
9.6 Other Proxy Records (Trace Elements, Annual Laminae, Pollen, Lipid Biomarkers)
9.7 The Long Environmental History of the Nullarbor Plain, Australia
9.8 Some Speculations on the Future
Chapter 10: Cave Ecology
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification of Cave Life and its Function
10.3 Adaptations and Modifications to Life in Darkness
10.4 Life Zones within Caves
10.5 The Cave as a Habitat
10.6 Energy Flows in Cave Ecosystems
10.7 Cave Microbiology
10.8 Origin and Dispersal of Cave-Dwelling Animals
10.9 Threats to Cave Fauna
10.10 Conservation of Biological Diversity in Caves
10.11 Caves and Ecosystem Services
10.12 White Nose Syndrome
10.13 Unravelling the Secrets of the Carrai Bat Cave
Chapter 11: Cave Archaeology
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Prehistoric uses of caves
11.3 Cave faunas and hominids
11.4 Cave art in context
11.5 Depositional environments in caves
11.6 Cave deposits and biological conservation
11.7 Taphonomy of cave deposits
11.8 Archaeology of Liang Bua Cave, Flores (the Hobbit Cave)
Chapter 12: Historic Uses of Caves
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Caves as Shelter
12.3 Caves as Sacred Spaces
12.4 Caves as Sources of Raw Materials
12.5 Cave Tourism
12.6 Cave Dwellings in Turkey
Chapter 13: Cave Management
13.1 Introduction - Caves as Contested Spaces
13.2 Interpretation and Guide Training
13.3 Cave Lighting
13.4 Some Engineering Issues in Caves
13.5 Impacts of Visitors and Infrastructure on Show Caves
13.6 Radon Risk in Caves
13.7 Cave Cleaning and its Impacts
13.8 Impacts of Recreational Caving on Caves
13.9 Cave Rescue
13.10 Cave Inventories and Alternative Management Concepts
13.11 Rehabilitation and Restoration of Caves
13.12 Cave Classification and Management
13.13 Policy Approaches to Cave and Karst Protection
13.14 Management of the Gunung Mulu World Heritage Area, Sarawak, Malaysia
Chapter 14: Catchment Management in Karst
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Basic Concepts in Karst Management
14.3 Defining Karst Catchments
14.4 Vegetation and Caves
14.5 Accelerated Soil Loss in Karst
14.6 Agricultural Impacts
14.6.1 Rocky desertification
14.6.2 Infilling of dolines
14.6.3 Altered drainage
14.6.4 Groundwater lowering
14.6.5 Fertiliser and herbicides
14.6.6 Pesticides
14.6.7 Microbial contamination of groundwater
14.6.8 Golf courses on karst
14.7 Fire Management in Karst
14.8 Conservation Issues in Karst
14.9 Assessing Vulnerability in Karst Management
14.9.1 Karst Disturbance Index
14.9.2 Karst Groundwater Vulnerability
14.10 Data Availability
14.10.1 Understanding disputes over cave and karst resources
14.11 The IUCN Guidelines for Cave and Karst Protection
Chapter 15: Documentation of Caves
15.1 Cave Use Classification
15.2 Geoheritage Assessment
15.3 Cave Mapping
15.4 Cave Photography
15.5 3D Scanning of Caves
15.5.1 Processing
15.5.2 Use in scientific studies
15.5.3 Drones
15.6 Mapping World Heritage Caves in Gunung Mulu National Park, Malaysia
Further Reading
Electronic Media Sources
Glossary
Index
Details
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2021 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Geologie |
| Genre: | Geowissenschaften |
| Rubrik: | Naturwissenschaften & Technik |
| Medium: | Taschenbuch |
| Seiten: | 528 |
| Inhalt: | 528 S. |
| ISBN-13: | 9781119455578 |
| ISBN-10: | 111945557X |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Herstellernummer: | 1A119455570 |
| Einband: | Kartoniert / Broschiert |
| Autor: | Gillieson, David Shaw |
| Auflage: | 2nd edition |
| Hersteller: | Open Stax Textbooks |
| Maße: | 241 x 168 x 25 mm |
| Von/Mit: | David Shaw Gillieson |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 14.06.2021 |
| Gewicht: | 0,93 kg |
Über den Autor
About the Author
David Shaw Gillieson is an Honorary Professorial Fellow at the School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia. He has held academic appointments at the Australian National University, University of New South Wales and James Cook University. Over the last fifty years he has explored and studied caves in Australasia, Europe, North America, Oceania and Southeast Asia. He is currently Treasurer of the Australasian Cave and Karst Management Association, and is a former Chair of the International Geographical Union Commission on Karst. He has been involved in the evaluation and writing of World Heritage nominations, and cave and karst management plans across the globe.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Preface and Acknowledgements
Figure Permissions
Plate Permissions
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Some Basic Propositions
1.2 Now the Details...
Chapter 2: Caves and Karst
2.1 What is a Cave?
2.2 What is Karst?
2.3 Caves as Systems
2.4 Caves as Geomorphic Systems
2.5 Caves as Biological Systems
2.6 Where are the Deepest and Longest Caves?
Chapter 3: Cave Hydrology
3.1 Basic Concepts in Karst Drainage Systems
3.2 Porosity and Permeability
3.2.1 Diffuse flow
3.2.2 Fissure flow
3.2.3 Conduit flow
3.2.4 Understanding the karst drainage system
3.3 Zonation of the Karst Drainage System
3.4 Defining the Catchment of a Cave
3.5 Analysis of Karst Drainage Systems
3.5.1 Water tracing techniques
3.5.2 Spring hydrograph analysis
3.5.3 Spring chemograph analysis
3.6 Structure and Function of Karst Drainage Systems
3.6.1 Storage and transfers in the karst system
3.6.2 The role of extreme events
3.7 Karst Hydrology of the Mammoth Cave Plateau, Kentucky
Chapter 4: Processes of Rock Dissolution
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Karst Rocks
4.2.1 Limestone
4.2.2 Dolomite
4.2.3 Evaporite rocks - Gypsum and Halite
4.2.4 Sandstone
4.2.5 Granite
4.3 Processes of Dissolution of Karst Rocks
4.3.1 The solution of limestone in meteoric waters
4.3.2 Soil and vegetation in the limestone solution process
4.3.3 The zoning of solution in the unsaturated zone
4.3.4 Limestone solution in seawater
4.4 Hydrothermal Solution of Limestone
4.5 Solution of Evaporites
4.6 Solution of Silicates in Meteoric Waters
4.7 Caves in Quaternary Limestone in Southern Australia
Chapter 5: Speleogenesis
5.1 Classifying Cave Systems
5.2 Controls of Rock Structure on Cave Development
5.2.1 Role of lithology
5.2.2 Role of joints, fractures, and faults
5.2.3 Cave breakdown and evaporite weathering
5.3 Meteoric Speleogenesis, Unconfined and Confined
5.3.1 Formation of caves in plan
5.3.2 Formation of caves in length and depth
5.3.3 The formation of maze caves
5.4 Tectonic and Eustatic Controls on Cave Development
5.5 Deep Shafts of the World
5.6 Hypogene Speleogenesis
5.6.1 Solutional mesoforms as indicators of hypogene origin
5.6.2 Condensation and corrosion in passage enlargement
5.7 Flank Margin Speleogenesis
5.8 Caves Formed in Gypsum
5.9 Lava Tubes, Weathering Caves, and Pseudokarst
5.9.1 The formation of lava tubes
5.9.2 Weathering caves and pseudokarst
5.10 Life History and Antiquity of Caves
5.11 Geological Control and the World's Longest Cave
Chapter 6: Cave Interior Deposits
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Carbonates
6.3 Controls over Carbonate Mineralogy
6.4 Other Cave Deposits Formed by Carbonate Minerals
6.5 Growth Rates of Speleothems
6.6 Important Non-Carbonate Minerals
6.7 Evaporites (Sulphates and Halides)
6.8 Phosphates and Nitrates
6.9 Oxides, Silicates, and Hydroxides
6.10 Ice in Caves
6.11 Other Minerals
6.12 Cave Deposits of the Nullarbor Plain, Australia
Chapter 7: Cave Sediments
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Clastic Sediment Types
7.3 Processes of Sedimentation
7.3.1 Gravity-fall processes
7.3.2 Waterlain clastic sediments
7.3.3 Cave and rockshelter entrance deposits
7.4 Sediment Transport and Particle Size
7.5 Diagenesis of Cave Sediments
7.6 Stratigraphy and its Interpretation
7.7 Provenance Studies
7.8 Cave Sediments and Environmental History at Zhoukoudian, China
Chapter 8: Dating Cave Deposits
8.1 The Importance of Dating Cave Deposits
8.2 Dating Techniques and the Quaternary Timescale
8.3 Palaeomagnetism
8.4 Uranium Series; Uranium-Thorium, Uranium-Lead
8.5 Radiocarbon
8.6 Other Dating Methods: Cosmogenic Radionuclides, and Tephrochronology
8.7 Timing Glacial and Interglacial Events in New Zealand
Chapter 9: Cave Deposits and Past Climates
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Oxygen Isotope Analysis
9.3 The Last Glacial-Interglacial Temperature Record
9.4 Carbon Isotopes and Environmental Changes
9.5 Cyclone History in the Indo-Pacific Region
9.6 Other Proxy Records (Trace Elements, Annual Laminae, Pollen, Lipid Biomarkers)
9.7 The Long Environmental History of the Nullarbor Plain, Australia
9.8 Some Speculations on the Future
Chapter 10: Cave Ecology
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification of Cave Life and its Function
10.3 Adaptations and Modifications to Life in Darkness
10.4 Life Zones within Caves
10.5 The Cave as a Habitat
10.6 Energy Flows in Cave Ecosystems
10.7 Cave Microbiology
10.8 Origin and Dispersal of Cave-Dwelling Animals
10.9 Threats to Cave Fauna
10.10 Conservation of Biological Diversity in Caves
10.11 Caves and Ecosystem Services
10.12 White Nose Syndrome
10.13 Unravelling the Secrets of the Carrai Bat Cave
Chapter 11: Cave Archaeology
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Prehistoric uses of caves
11.3 Cave faunas and hominids
11.4 Cave art in context
11.5 Depositional environments in caves
11.6 Cave deposits and biological conservation
11.7 Taphonomy of cave deposits
11.8 Archaeology of Liang Bua Cave, Flores (the Hobbit Cave)
Chapter 12: Historic Uses of Caves
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Caves as Shelter
12.3 Caves as Sacred Spaces
12.4 Caves as Sources of Raw Materials
12.5 Cave Tourism
12.6 Cave Dwellings in Turkey
Chapter 13: Cave Management
13.1 Introduction - Caves as Contested Spaces
13.2 Interpretation and Guide Training
13.3 Cave Lighting
13.4 Some Engineering Issues in Caves
13.5 Impacts of Visitors and Infrastructure on Show Caves
13.6 Radon Risk in Caves
13.7 Cave Cleaning and its Impacts
13.8 Impacts of Recreational Caving on Caves
13.9 Cave Rescue
13.10 Cave Inventories and Alternative Management Concepts
13.11 Rehabilitation and Restoration of Caves
13.12 Cave Classification and Management
13.13 Policy Approaches to Cave and Karst Protection
13.14 Management of the Gunung Mulu World Heritage Area, Sarawak, Malaysia
Chapter 14: Catchment Management in Karst
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Basic Concepts in Karst Management
14.3 Defining Karst Catchments
14.4 Vegetation and Caves
14.5 Accelerated Soil Loss in Karst
14.6 Agricultural Impacts
14.6.1 Rocky desertification
14.6.2 Infilling of dolines
14.6.3 Altered drainage
14.6.4 Groundwater lowering
14.6.5 Fertiliser and herbicides
14.6.6 Pesticides
14.6.7 Microbial contamination of groundwater
14.6.8 Golf courses on karst
14.7 Fire Management in Karst
14.8 Conservation Issues in Karst
14.9 Assessing Vulnerability in Karst Management
14.9.1 Karst Disturbance Index
14.9.2 Karst Groundwater Vulnerability
14.10 Data Availability
14.10.1 Understanding disputes over cave and karst resources
14.11 The IUCN Guidelines for Cave and Karst Protection
Chapter 15: Documentation of Caves
15.1 Cave Use Classification
15.2 Geoheritage Assessment
15.3 Cave Mapping
15.4 Cave Photography
15.5 3D Scanning of Caves
15.5.1 Processing
15.5.2 Use in scientific studies
15.5.3 Drones
15.6 Mapping World Heritage Caves in Gunung Mulu National Park, Malaysia
Further Reading
Electronic Media Sources
Glossary
Index
Figure Permissions
Plate Permissions
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Some Basic Propositions
1.2 Now the Details...
Chapter 2: Caves and Karst
2.1 What is a Cave?
2.2 What is Karst?
2.3 Caves as Systems
2.4 Caves as Geomorphic Systems
2.5 Caves as Biological Systems
2.6 Where are the Deepest and Longest Caves?
Chapter 3: Cave Hydrology
3.1 Basic Concepts in Karst Drainage Systems
3.2 Porosity and Permeability
3.2.1 Diffuse flow
3.2.2 Fissure flow
3.2.3 Conduit flow
3.2.4 Understanding the karst drainage system
3.3 Zonation of the Karst Drainage System
3.4 Defining the Catchment of a Cave
3.5 Analysis of Karst Drainage Systems
3.5.1 Water tracing techniques
3.5.2 Spring hydrograph analysis
3.5.3 Spring chemograph analysis
3.6 Structure and Function of Karst Drainage Systems
3.6.1 Storage and transfers in the karst system
3.6.2 The role of extreme events
3.7 Karst Hydrology of the Mammoth Cave Plateau, Kentucky
Chapter 4: Processes of Rock Dissolution
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Karst Rocks
4.2.1 Limestone
4.2.2 Dolomite
4.2.3 Evaporite rocks - Gypsum and Halite
4.2.4 Sandstone
4.2.5 Granite
4.3 Processes of Dissolution of Karst Rocks
4.3.1 The solution of limestone in meteoric waters
4.3.2 Soil and vegetation in the limestone solution process
4.3.3 The zoning of solution in the unsaturated zone
4.3.4 Limestone solution in seawater
4.4 Hydrothermal Solution of Limestone
4.5 Solution of Evaporites
4.6 Solution of Silicates in Meteoric Waters
4.7 Caves in Quaternary Limestone in Southern Australia
Chapter 5: Speleogenesis
5.1 Classifying Cave Systems
5.2 Controls of Rock Structure on Cave Development
5.2.1 Role of lithology
5.2.2 Role of joints, fractures, and faults
5.2.3 Cave breakdown and evaporite weathering
5.3 Meteoric Speleogenesis, Unconfined and Confined
5.3.1 Formation of caves in plan
5.3.2 Formation of caves in length and depth
5.3.3 The formation of maze caves
5.4 Tectonic and Eustatic Controls on Cave Development
5.5 Deep Shafts of the World
5.6 Hypogene Speleogenesis
5.6.1 Solutional mesoforms as indicators of hypogene origin
5.6.2 Condensation and corrosion in passage enlargement
5.7 Flank Margin Speleogenesis
5.8 Caves Formed in Gypsum
5.9 Lava Tubes, Weathering Caves, and Pseudokarst
5.9.1 The formation of lava tubes
5.9.2 Weathering caves and pseudokarst
5.10 Life History and Antiquity of Caves
5.11 Geological Control and the World's Longest Cave
Chapter 6: Cave Interior Deposits
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Carbonates
6.3 Controls over Carbonate Mineralogy
6.4 Other Cave Deposits Formed by Carbonate Minerals
6.5 Growth Rates of Speleothems
6.6 Important Non-Carbonate Minerals
6.7 Evaporites (Sulphates and Halides)
6.8 Phosphates and Nitrates
6.9 Oxides, Silicates, and Hydroxides
6.10 Ice in Caves
6.11 Other Minerals
6.12 Cave Deposits of the Nullarbor Plain, Australia
Chapter 7: Cave Sediments
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Clastic Sediment Types
7.3 Processes of Sedimentation
7.3.1 Gravity-fall processes
7.3.2 Waterlain clastic sediments
7.3.3 Cave and rockshelter entrance deposits
7.4 Sediment Transport and Particle Size
7.5 Diagenesis of Cave Sediments
7.6 Stratigraphy and its Interpretation
7.7 Provenance Studies
7.8 Cave Sediments and Environmental History at Zhoukoudian, China
Chapter 8: Dating Cave Deposits
8.1 The Importance of Dating Cave Deposits
8.2 Dating Techniques and the Quaternary Timescale
8.3 Palaeomagnetism
8.4 Uranium Series; Uranium-Thorium, Uranium-Lead
8.5 Radiocarbon
8.6 Other Dating Methods: Cosmogenic Radionuclides, and Tephrochronology
8.7 Timing Glacial and Interglacial Events in New Zealand
Chapter 9: Cave Deposits and Past Climates
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Oxygen Isotope Analysis
9.3 The Last Glacial-Interglacial Temperature Record
9.4 Carbon Isotopes and Environmental Changes
9.5 Cyclone History in the Indo-Pacific Region
9.6 Other Proxy Records (Trace Elements, Annual Laminae, Pollen, Lipid Biomarkers)
9.7 The Long Environmental History of the Nullarbor Plain, Australia
9.8 Some Speculations on the Future
Chapter 10: Cave Ecology
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification of Cave Life and its Function
10.3 Adaptations and Modifications to Life in Darkness
10.4 Life Zones within Caves
10.5 The Cave as a Habitat
10.6 Energy Flows in Cave Ecosystems
10.7 Cave Microbiology
10.8 Origin and Dispersal of Cave-Dwelling Animals
10.9 Threats to Cave Fauna
10.10 Conservation of Biological Diversity in Caves
10.11 Caves and Ecosystem Services
10.12 White Nose Syndrome
10.13 Unravelling the Secrets of the Carrai Bat Cave
Chapter 11: Cave Archaeology
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Prehistoric uses of caves
11.3 Cave faunas and hominids
11.4 Cave art in context
11.5 Depositional environments in caves
11.6 Cave deposits and biological conservation
11.7 Taphonomy of cave deposits
11.8 Archaeology of Liang Bua Cave, Flores (the Hobbit Cave)
Chapter 12: Historic Uses of Caves
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Caves as Shelter
12.3 Caves as Sacred Spaces
12.4 Caves as Sources of Raw Materials
12.5 Cave Tourism
12.6 Cave Dwellings in Turkey
Chapter 13: Cave Management
13.1 Introduction - Caves as Contested Spaces
13.2 Interpretation and Guide Training
13.3 Cave Lighting
13.4 Some Engineering Issues in Caves
13.5 Impacts of Visitors and Infrastructure on Show Caves
13.6 Radon Risk in Caves
13.7 Cave Cleaning and its Impacts
13.8 Impacts of Recreational Caving on Caves
13.9 Cave Rescue
13.10 Cave Inventories and Alternative Management Concepts
13.11 Rehabilitation and Restoration of Caves
13.12 Cave Classification and Management
13.13 Policy Approaches to Cave and Karst Protection
13.14 Management of the Gunung Mulu World Heritage Area, Sarawak, Malaysia
Chapter 14: Catchment Management in Karst
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Basic Concepts in Karst Management
14.3 Defining Karst Catchments
14.4 Vegetation and Caves
14.5 Accelerated Soil Loss in Karst
14.6 Agricultural Impacts
14.6.1 Rocky desertification
14.6.2 Infilling of dolines
14.6.3 Altered drainage
14.6.4 Groundwater lowering
14.6.5 Fertiliser and herbicides
14.6.6 Pesticides
14.6.7 Microbial contamination of groundwater
14.6.8 Golf courses on karst
14.7 Fire Management in Karst
14.8 Conservation Issues in Karst
14.9 Assessing Vulnerability in Karst Management
14.9.1 Karst Disturbance Index
14.9.2 Karst Groundwater Vulnerability
14.10 Data Availability
14.10.1 Understanding disputes over cave and karst resources
14.11 The IUCN Guidelines for Cave and Karst Protection
Chapter 15: Documentation of Caves
15.1 Cave Use Classification
15.2 Geoheritage Assessment
15.3 Cave Mapping
15.4 Cave Photography
15.5 3D Scanning of Caves
15.5.1 Processing
15.5.2 Use in scientific studies
15.5.3 Drones
15.6 Mapping World Heritage Caves in Gunung Mulu National Park, Malaysia
Further Reading
Electronic Media Sources
Glossary
Index
Details
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2021 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Geologie |
| Genre: | Geowissenschaften |
| Rubrik: | Naturwissenschaften & Technik |
| Medium: | Taschenbuch |
| Seiten: | 528 |
| Inhalt: | 528 S. |
| ISBN-13: | 9781119455578 |
| ISBN-10: | 111945557X |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Herstellernummer: | 1A119455570 |
| Einband: | Kartoniert / Broschiert |
| Autor: | Gillieson, David Shaw |
| Auflage: | 2nd edition |
| Hersteller: | Open Stax Textbooks |
| Maße: | 241 x 168 x 25 mm |
| Von/Mit: | David Shaw Gillieson |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 14.06.2021 |
| Gewicht: | 0,93 kg |
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