The Editor

FELIX DUERR, Dr. med. vet., MS, DACVS-SA, DECVS, DACVSMR, is Associate Professor of Small Animal Orthopedics in the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.

List of Contributors xix Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxiii Editor Biography xxiv About the Companion Website xxv Section 1 Lameness Diagnosis 1 Part I Lameness Evaluation 3 1 Subjective Gait Evaluation 5Felix Michael Duerr 1.1 Introduction 5 1.2 Observation at Rest 5 1.3 Observation in Motion 6 References 13 2 Objective Gait Analysis 15Bryan T. Torres 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Kinetic Analysis 15 2.3 Kinematic Analysis 21 2.4 Making the Best of Your Gait Data Collection 27 2.5 Evaluating Gait Data 28 References 29 3 The Orthopedic Examination 31Dirsko J.F. von Pfeil and Felix Michael Duerr 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 The Orthopedic Examination 31 References 39 4 The Neurologic Examination 41Lisa Bartner 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 Neuroanatomy Related to Limb Function 42 4.3 The Neurologic Examination 48 4.4 Diagnostic Tests 63 References 65 5 The Rehabilitation Examination 67Sasha Foster 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Passive Range of Motion 68 5.3 Joint Play 77 5.4 Flexibility Testing 79 5.5 Strength Testing 81 References 83 6 The Myofascial Examination 85Rick Wall 6.1 Introduction 85 6.2 Characteristics of Myofascial Trigger Points 85 6.3 Etiology and Pathophysiology of Myofascial Trigger Points 86 6.4 The Myofascial Examination 87 6.5 Myofascial Pain Syndrome Patterns Associated with Lameness 88 6.6 Clinical Significance 89 References 90 Part II Diagnostic Techniques 93 7 Arthrocentesis Technique 95Bryan T. Torres and Felix Michael Duerr 7.1 Introduction 95 7.2 Risks and Contraindications 96 7.3 Restraint 96 7.4 Site Preparation 96 7.5 Equipment 96 7.6 Approaches 98 References 104 8 Diagnostic Joint Anesthesia 105Bryan T. Torres and Felix Michael Duerr 8.1 Introduction 105 8.2 Patient Selection 105 8.3 Sedation Protocols 106 8.4 Intra-articular Anesthetic Instillation 108 8.5 Lameness Evaluation and Interpreting the Effect of Diagnostic Joint Anesthesia 108 References 110 9 Joint Fluid Analysis and Collection Considerations 111Adam Harris and Kelly Santangelo 9.1 Introduction 111 9.2 Sample Submission and Prioritization of Diagnostic Tests 111 9.3 Gross, Biochemical, and Cytologic Examination 113 9.4 Canine Arthropathies 120 References 122 10 Diagnostic Imaging Techniques in Lameness Evaluation 125Angela J. Marolf 10.1 Introduction 125 10.2 Radiography 125 10.3 Ultrasonography 126 10.4 Computed Tomography 127 10.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 130 10.6 Nuclear Medicine 131 References 133 11 Diagnostic Approach to Neoplastic Conditions Causing Lameness 135Bernard Séguin 11.1 Introduction 135 11.2 Diagnostic Methods 135 11.3 Specific Tumors 138 References 139 Section 2 Regional Diagnosis 141 Part III Distal Limb Lameness 143 12 Distal Limb Region 145Nicolaas E. Lambrechts 12.1 Introduction 145 12.2 Normal Anatomy 145 12.3 Arthritis 152 12.4 Fractures of the Distal Limb Region 154 12.5 Conditions of Muscles, Tendon, and Ligaments 157 12.6 Conditions of the Digital and Paw Pads 159 12.7 Conditions of the Digit/Paw Skin 162 12.8 Conditions of the Claws 163 12.9 Other Conditions Affecting the Distal Limb Region 164 References 166 Part IV Th