How to Navigate This Book ix

1 Introduction 1

1.1 The function and performance of buildings 1

1.2 New methods and products 8

1.3 Product selection and specification 10

Chapter 2 at a Glance 17

2 Offsite Construction 19

2.1 Functional requirements 21

2.2 Offsite design and production processes 24

2.3 Pre- assembly 27

2.4 Joints and joining 31

2.5 Prefabricated housing 32

2.6 Additive manufacturing (3D printing) 36

Chapter 3 at a Glance 39

3 Pile Foundations, Substructures and Basements 41

3.1 Pile foundations 41

3.2 Ground stabilisation 61

3.3 Substructures and basements 64

Chapter 4 at a Glance 83

4 Single- storey Frames, Shells and Lightweight Coverings 85

4.1 Lattice truss, beam, portal frame and flat roof structures 85

4.2 Roof and wall cladding and decking 127

4.3 Rooflights 150

4.4 Diaphragm, fin wall and tilt- up construction 163

4.5 Shell structures 173

Chapter 5 at a Glance 189

5 Structural Timber Frames 191

5.1 Functional requirements 191

5.2 Timber 193

5.3 Modified and engineered timber products 198

5.4 Timber- framed walls 202

5.5 High- rise structural timber frames 216

Chapter 6 at a Glance 219

6 Structural Steel Frames 221

6.1 Functional requirements 221

6.2 Methods of design 223

6.3 Steel sections 227

6.4 Structural steel frames 234

6.5 Welding 254

6.6 Fire protection of structural steelwork 269

6.7 Floor construction for structural steel frames 276

Chapter 7 at a Glance 291

7 Structural Concrete Frames 293

7.1 Concrete 293

7.2 Concrete mixes 298

7.3 Reinforcement 304

7.4 Formwork and falsework 316

7.5 Prestressed concrete 331

7.6 Lightweight concrete 336

7.7 Concrete structural frames 339

7.8 Precast reinforced concrete frames 350

7.9 Lift slab construction 356

Chapter 8 at a Glance 359

8 Envelopes to Framed Buildings 361

8.1 Terms and definitions 361

8.2 Functional requirements 362

8.3 Infill wall framing to a structural grid 372

8.4 Cavity walling 373

8.5 Facings applied to solid and cavity wall backings 376

8.6 Cladding panels 387

8.7 Sheet metal wall cladding 410

8.8 Glazed wall systems 420

8.9 Double skin façades 436

Chapter 9 at a Glance 439

9 Lifts and Escalators 441

9.1 Functional requirements 441

9.2 Lifts (elevators) 443

9.3 Escalators and moving walkways 454

Chapter 10 at a Glance 457

10 Fit Out and Second Fix 459

10.1 Commercial fit out 459

10.2 Raised floors 461

10.3 Suspended ceilings 465

10.4 Internal partition walls 470

Chapter 11 at a Glance 477

11 Existing Buildings: Pathology, Upgrading and Demolition 479

11.1 The pathology of buildings 479

11.2 Decay and defects 484

11.3 Conservation of buildings 488

11.4 Façade retention methods 491

11.5 Retrofitting 501

11.6 Demolition, disassembly and recycling 511

11.7 Reuse and recycled materials 515

Index 521