Donald E. Osterbrock (Author) Donald E. Osterbrock is a world-renowned research astrophysicist, Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics Emeritus at Lick Observatory of the University of California, Santa Cruz. He was its director for eight years. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago at its Yerkes Observatory, was a postdoctoral fellow at Princeton University, and was a faculty member at the California Institute of Technology, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and was a staff member of Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories. Dr. Osterbrock was a council member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was president of the American Astronomical Society 1988-90, and was named its Henry Norris Russell lecturer, its highest honor, in 1991. He taught astronomy and astrophysics courses at Caltech, Wisconsin, and UCSC, and many of the current leaders of astrophysical research on nebulae and active galactic nuclei worked with him as Ph.D.-thesis students or as postdoctoral research associates.Gary J. Ferland (Author) Gary J. Ferland received his doctorate from the University of Texas and did post-graduate research at Cambridge University before joining the faculty of the University of Kentucky in 1980, where he is now Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Kentucky. He is the author or co-author of more than 200 publications, mainly on classical novae, active galactic nuclei, and H II regions. Ferland has also developed the plasma simulation program, Cloudy, which is widely used to create computer simulations (or models) of the types of nebulae discussed in this book. In addition to serving on the faculty of University of Kentucky, he has spent periods at Ohio State University, the University of Colorado, the University of Toronto, Cambridge University, and Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory.

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Preface xiiPreface to First Edition xvi1 General Introduction 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Gaseous Nebulae 11.3 Observational Material 41.4 Physical Ideas 101.5 Diffuse Nebulae 121.6 Planetary Nebulae 141.7 Nova and Supernova Remnants 161.8 Active Galactic Nucl ei 171.9 Star Formation in Galaxies 18References 222 Photoionization Equilibrium 292.1 Introduction 292.2 Photoionization and Recombination of Hydrogen 322.3 Photoionization of a Pure Hydrogen Nebula 352.4 Photoionization of a Nebula Containing Hydrogen and Helium 402.5 Photoionization of He+ to He++ 472.6 Further Iterations of the Ionization Structure 492.7 Photoionization of Heavy Elements 50References 603 Thermal Equilibrium 793.1 Introduction 793.2 Energy Input by Photoionization 803.3 Energy Loss by Recombination 813.4 Energy Loss by Free-Free Radiation 843.5 Energy Loss by Collisionally Excited Line Radiation 843.6 Energy Loss by Collisionally Excited Line Radiation of H 903.7 Resulting Thermal Equilibrium 91References 944 Calculation of Emitted Spectrum 1184.1 Introduction 1184.2 Optical Recombination Lines 1204.3 Optical Continuum Radiation 1314.4 Radio-Frequency Continuum and Line Radiation 1364.5 Radiative Transfer Effects in H I 1424.6 Radiative Transfer Effects in He I 1504.7 The Bowen Resonance-Fluorescence Mechanisms for O III and O I 1524.8 Collisional Excitation in He I 154References 1575 Comparison of Theory with Observations 1925.1 Introduction 1925.2 Temperature Measurements from Emission Lines 1945.3 Temperature Determinations from Optical Continuum Measurements 2005.4 Temperature Determinations from Radio-Continuum Measurements 2035.5 Temperature Determinations from Radio & UV Absorption Lines 2075.6 Electron Densities from Emission Lines 2105.7 Electron Temperatures and Densities from Infrared Emission Lines 2155.8 Electron Temperatures and Densities from Radio Recombination Lines 2165.9 Filling and Covering Factors 2235.10 Ionizing Radiation from Stars 2265.11 Abundances of the Elements in Nebulae 2355.12 Calculations of the Structure of Model Nebulae 245References 2506 Internal Dynamics of Gaseous Nebulae 2836.1 Introduction 2836.2 Hydrodynamic Equations of Motion 2846.3 Free Expansion into a Vacuum 2896.4 Shocks 2916.5 Ionization Fronts and Expanding H+ Regions 2956.6 Magnetic Fields 3016.7 Stellar Winds 303References 3067 Interstellar Dust 3167.1 Introduction 3167.2 Interstellar Extinction 3167.3 Dust within H II Regions 3257.4 Infrared Thermal Emission 3317.5 Formation and Destruction of Dust Particles 3377.6 Grain Opacities 3397.7 Effects of Grains on Surrounding Gas 3417.8 Dynamical Effects of Dust in Nebulae 345References 3488 Infrared Radiation and Molecules 3718.1 Introduction 3718.2 The Structure of a PDR 3728.3 The H2 Molecule 3768.4 The CO Molecule 3818.5 Comparison with Observations: 3858.6 Molecules around H II Regions 389References 3929 H II Regions in the Galactic Context 4049.1 Introduction 4049.2 Distribution of H II Regions in Other Galaxies 4049.3 Distribution of H II Regions in Our Galaxy 4069.4 Stars in H II Regions 4109.5 Abundances of the Elements 4139.6 Newly Formed Stars in H II Regions 4249.7 Starburst Galaxies 427References 42910 Planetary Nebulae 44510.1 Introduction 44510.2 Distance Determinations 44510.3 Space Distribution and Kinematics of Planetary Nebulae 45110.4 The Origin of Planetary Nebulae and the Evolution of Their Central Stars 45310.5 The Expansion of Planetary Nebulae 46110.6 Morphology and Composition 46310.7 Planetary Nebulae with Extreme Abundances of the Elements 46810.8 Molecules in Planetary Nebulae 47010.9 Mass Return from Planetary Nebulae 47410.10 Planetary Nebulae in Other Galaxies 476References 48011 Heavy Elements and High-Energy Effects 50211.1 Introduction 50211.2 Physical Processes Involving Bound Electrons 50211.3 Physical Processes at Still Higher Energies 50811.4 Physical Conditions from X-ray Spectroscopy 51311.5 Collisional Excitation of H0 518References 52312 Nova and Supernova Remnants 53712.1 Introduction 53712.2 Nova Shells 53712.3 The Crab Nebula 54612.4 The Cygnus Loop 55312.5 Cas A 55912.6 Other Supernova Remnants 56212.7 Spectroscopic Differences between Shock-Heated and Photoionized Regions 56412.8 h Car 566References 57013 Active Galactic Nuclei - Diagnostics and Physics 59513.1 Introduction 59513.2 Historical Sketch 59713.3 Observational Classification of AGNs 60113.4 Densities and Temperatures in the Narrow-Line Gas 60813.5 Photoionization 61313.6 Broad-Line Region 621References 62814 Active Galactic Nuclei - Results 64814.1 Introduction 64814.2 Energy Source 64914.3 Narrow-Line Region 65314.4 LINERs 65914.5 Broad-Line Region 66314.6 Dust in AGNs 67214.7 Internal Velocity Field 67614.8 Physical Picture 685References 707Appendix 1 Measures of Light 725A1.1 Specific Intensity I 725A1.2 Flux F 726A1.3 Mean Intensity J 727A1.4 Energy Density and Radiation Pressure 727A1.5 Emittance 728A1.6 Surface Brightness S 729A1.7 Emissivity and Observed Quantities 729References 730Appendix 2: Milne Relation Between Capture and Photoionization Cross Sections 733Appendix 3 Emission Lines of Neutral Atoms 736Appendix 4 Nebular Quantum Mechanics 740References 767Appendix 5 Atomic Data for Heavy Element Ionization Balance 769References 786Appendix 6 Quantum Mechanics of Molecules 788References 795Glossary of Physical Symbols 796Glossary of Acronyms 815Index