List of Contributors xiii

Preface to the Third Edition xv

Preface to the Second Edition xvii

Preface to the First Edition xix

Acknowledgments xxi

1 Introduction 1
John S. Lucas

1.1 What is and What isn't Aquaculture? 1

1.2 Origins of Aquaculture and Agriculture 2

1.3 Aquaculture and Capture Fisheries Production 4

1.4 The Efficiency of Aquaculture for Food Production 7

1.5 Has There Been a 'Blue' Revolution? 9

1.6 The Big Producers 10

1.7 China 12

1.8 Issues for Developed Countries 13

1.9 An Allegory 14

1.10 Diversity of Aquaculture 15

1.11 Fishery Stock Enhancement and Restoration 15

1.12 Summary 16

References 17

2 Principles of Aquaculture 19
Paul C. Southgate and John S. Lucas

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 Intensity of Aquaculture 19

2.3 Polyculture 23

2.4 Integrated Agri-Aquaculture Systems 24

2.5 Static, Open, Semi-Closed and Recirculating (Closed) Systems 25

2.6 Selecting a New Species for Farming 28

2.7 Developing a New Farm or a New Farmed Species 31

2.8 Case Studies 33

2.9 Summary 38

References 39

3 Aquaculture Systems Design 41
Igor Pirozzi, Paul C. Southgate and John S. Lucas

3.1 Introduction 41

3.2 Site Selection and Development 41

3.3 Aquaculture Systems 43

3.4 Plumbing and Pumps 55

3.5 Hatchery Systems 59

3.6 Summary 61

References 61

4 Water Quality 63
Claude E. Boyd and Craig S. Tucker

4.1 Introduction 63

4.2 Water Quality Variables 63

4.3 Effects of Water Quality on Aquatic Animals 73

4.4 Pond Water-Quality Management 78

4.5 Effluents 89

4.6 Summary 91

References 92

5 Resource Use and the Environment 93
Claude E. Boyd, Aaron A. McNevin and Craig S. Tucker

5.1 Introduction 93

5.2 An Overview of Resource Use and Environmental Issues 94

5.3 Land Use 97

5.4 Water Use 99

5.5 Energy Use 101

5.6 Feed-Fish Use 102

5.7 Chemicals 105

5.8 Water Pollution 107

5.9 Best Management Practices 109

5.10 Environmental Advocacy in Aquaculture 111

5.11 Summary 112

References 112

6 Reproduction, Life Cycles and Growth 113
John S. Lucas and Paul C. Southgate

6.1 Introduction 113

6.2 Reproductive Physiology 113

6.3 Life Cycles 116

6.4 Growth 120

6.5 Summary 124

References 125

7 Genetics 127
Rex Dunham

7.1 Introduction 127

7.2 Basic Genetics 128

7.3 Epigenetics 130

7.4 Domestication and Strain Evaluation 130

7.5 Selection 131

7.6 Inbreeding and Maintenance of Genetic Quality 136

7.7 Crossbreeding and Hybridisation 136

7.8 Chromosomal Techniques 140

7.9 Xenogenesis 146

7.10 Genetic Engineering 146

7.11 Gene Editing 151

7.12 Combining Genetic Enhancement Programs 152

7.13 Genotype- environment Interactions 152

7.14 Future Developments 153

7.15 Summary 154

References 154

8 Nutrition and Feeds 157
Lou D'Abramo

8.1 Introduction 157

8.2 Energy Consumption and Partitioning (Bioenergetics) 158

8.3 The Relationship between Growth and Food Consumption 159

8.4 Requirements and Metabolic Functions of Nutrients 160
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