Emily Jewell, BSc (Hons) MSc. Cert. Ed. is Progress and Personal Development manager at Reaseheath College, Cheshire, UK. She has over 20 years of experience in delivering animal management qualifications. She previously had responsibility for curriculum across many species and has taught on a wide range of subjects from Levels 1-6. She also works as a marking examiner for City and Guilds and was formerly an external verifier in animal management for the Pearson Edexcel education and examination awarding body.

Preface xxv

Acknowledgments xxvii

About the Companion Website xxix

Section 1 Animal Biology 1

1 Cells and Basic Tissues 3

What Is Biology? 3

Biology is the study of life and living organisms 3

How do we define life? 3

Cell Diversity 4

Types of cells found in the animal body 6

Summary of cells 7

Animal Tissues 8

Epithelial tissue 8

Types of epithelial tissue 9

Connective tissue 9

Structure of connective tissue 10

Ground/extracellular matrix 10

Types of connective tissue 11

Blood 12

Composition of blood 13

Components of blood 14

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) 14

White blood cells (leucocytes) 15

Functions of WBC 15

Bone and Cartilage 16

Bone 16

Cartilage 16

Muscle tissue 17

Skeletal muscle tissue 18

Tendons 18

Ligaments 19

Smooth Muscle 19

Cardiac Muscle 20

Nervous Tissue 20

Additional structures 21

Summary of Tissues 21

2 Movement of Materials Within the Body 23

Diffusion 23

Osmosis 24

Osmotic pressure 25

Endocytosis 25

Phagocytosis 26

Pinocytosis 26

Active Transport 26

Summary of Transport Processes 27

Body Fluid 27

Acids and bases in the body 27

Tissue fluid and the lymphatic system 28

The Lymphatic System 28

Functions of the lymphatic system 30

Summary of Movement of Materials 31

3 Body Systems and Functions 33

The Circulatory System 33

Blood vessels 34

Arteries 35

Veins 35

Capillaries 35

Blood vessel location names 36

The Mammalian Heart 36

Heartbeat 38

Heart sounds 39

Heart structure of non-mammalian species 39

Summary of the Circulatory System 40

The Respiratory System 42

Characteristics of respiratory surfaces 42

The role of breathing and the circulatory system 43

The respiratory organs of mammals 43

The upper respiratory tract 43

The nasal passages 43

The bronchial tree 44

The alveolar ducts 44

Gas exchange in the lungs 45

Breathing: ventilation of the lungs 45

Diaphragm 46

Ribs 46

Respiration 47

The modern definition of respiration 47

Respiratory system in birds 47

Respiratory system in reptiles 47

Respiratory system in amphibians 48

Respiratory system in fish 48

Summary of the respiratory system 49

The Digestive System 50

Digestion of food 52

Digestive enzymes 52

Comparative digestive anatomy 53

Monogastric digestive tract 54

The mouth 55

Dentition 55

Types of teeth 55

Dental formula 56

The oesophagus 57

The stomach 57

The small intestines 57

The caecum 58

The large intestines 58

The liver 59

Functions of the liver 59

The pancreas 61

Summary of the digestive system 61

The urinary system 61

The kidneys 61

The nephron 62

Summary of the urinary system 64

The Nervous System 64

Reflex action or arc 66

Central nervous system 66

The brain 66

The spinal cord 67

Protection of the brain and spinal cord 67

Peripheral nervous system 68

Voluntary nervous system 68

Involuntary or autonomic nervous system 68

Summary of the nervous system 69

The Endocrine System 69

Endocrine glands 70

Pituitary gland 70

Thyroid gland 71

Parathyroid glands 71

Adrenal gland 71

The pancreas 71

Pineal gland 71

Gonads 72

Summary of the endocrine system 73

The Sense Organs 73

Inside the body 73

Outside the body 73

The eye 73

Protection of the eyes 74

Structures of the eye 74

The ear 75

Outer ear 76

Middle ear 76

Inner ear 76

Other senses 76

The Integumentary System 78

Functions of the skin 78

Structure of the skin 79

Hair 79

Sweat glands 79

Summary of the Sense Organs 79

The Skeleton 79

Bone structure 81

Joints 82

Summary of the Skeleton 84

The Reproductive System 85

The reproductive process 85

Production of ova (eggs) 87

Production of sperm 88

The breeding cycle 89

Oestrus 89

The stages of oestrus 89

Signs of heat/oestrus 90

Summary of the reproductive system 90

Homeostasis 90

Internal Environment 90

Summary of homeostasis 91

4 Basic Genetics 93

What Are Genetics? 93

Why Are Genetics Important? 93

Important Events in the History of Genetics 93

Mendel's first law 94

Mendel's second law 94

Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA 94

Genetic Terms 95

Cell Division 95

Mitosis 96

Meiosis 97

Comparison of mitosis and meiosis 99

Breeding and Genetics 99

Punnett Squares 100

Genetic mutations 101

Gene interactions 102

Summary of Genetics 102

5 Veterinary Terminology 105

Veterinary Terminology 105

Common prefixes 106

Common suffixes 106

Examples of prefix and suffix use 106

Terms linked to body organs and systems 106

Anatomical Directions 107

Limb movements 108

Body Cavities 108

Thoracic cavity 108

Abdominal cavity 109

Pelvic region 109

Cavity linings 109

Summary of Veterinary Terminology 110

Section 2 Animal Health 111

6 Animal Welfare and Legislation 113

Definition of Animal Welfare 113

Case 1 113

Case 2 114

Case 3 114

Case 4 114

How Is Animal Welfare Assessed? 114

Indicators of good welfare 114

Indicators of poor welfare 115

Animal Welfare Legislation 115

Animal Welfare Act 2006 116

The Five Animal Needs 116

Animal Welfare (Licensing of Activities Involving Animals) (England) Regulations 2018 118

Microchipping of Cats and Dogs (England) Regulations 2023 119

Pet Abduction Act 2024 120

Control of Dogs Order 1992 120

Dangerous Dogs Act 1991 121

Guard Dogs Act 1975 121

Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976, Amended 2010 122

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (cites) 1973 122

Zoo Licensing Act 1981 123

Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966 124

Protection of Animals (Anaesthetics) Act 1954, amended 1982 124

The Animal (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 125

Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981 125

Animal Health Act 1981 126

Animals Act 1971 127

The Pet Travel Scheme 127

Travelling to an EU country from Great Britain 127

Travelling to a non-EU country from Great Britain 128

Animal Welfare Organisations 128

Animal Rights 129

Summary of Animal Welfare and Legislation 130

7 Basic Animal Nutrition 131

Proteins 132

What are proteins? 132

Where does dietary protein originate from? 132

What is the function of protein? 133

What are the signs of protein deficiency in the diet? 133

Carbohydrates 133

What are carbohydrates? 133

Where does dietary carbohydrate originate from? 134

What is the function of carbohydrates? 134

What are the signs of carbohydrate deficiency in the diet? 134

Fats/Lipids 134

What are fats? 134

Where does dietary fat/lipid originate from? 134

What is the function of fats/lipids? 135

What are the signs of fat/lipid deficiency in the diet? 135

Vitamins 135

What are vitamins? 135

What are the signs of dietary vitamin deficiency? 137

Minerals 137

What are minerals? 137

Where do dietary minerals originate from? 138

What is the function of minerals? 138

What are the signs of mineral deficiency in the diet? 139

Water 139

Nutrition for Life Stages 140

Growing animals 140

Adult 141

Working animals 141

Senior/geriatric animals 142

Pregnancy 142

Lactation 143

Summary of Basic Animal Nutrition 144

8 Basic Animal Health Care 145

Assessing the Health Status of an Animal 145

Behavioural indicators 146

Physical indicators 146

Signs of pain 146

Physiological indicators 147

Signs of health in animals 147

What is being looked for in each area? 148

Suggested health routines 148

Factors affecting health status 148

Hygiene 148

Exercise provision 149

Companionship 151

Prophylactic treatments 152

Vaccination 152

Parasite treatments 153

Microchipping 153

Summary of Basic Animal Health Care 155

9 Temperature, Pulse, and Respiration 157

Temperature 157

How Is Temperature Assessed? 158

Thermometers 158

Pulse 161

Terms relating to pulse rate 162

Respiration 163

Summary of TPR 165

10 Disease Transmission and Control 167

How Can Infection Be Transmitted? 167

Vertical transmission 168

Horizontal transmission 168

Transmission through direct contact 168

Indirect contact 168

How Does Infection Enter the Animal? 169

How Does Infection Leave the Animal? 169

Continuous excretors 170

Intermittent excretors 170

Incubation of Disease 170

Infection 170

Resistance to infection 171

Methods of infection control 171

Infection terms 171

Diagnosis of Disease...