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A comprehensive and approachable introduction to 5G
Written by a noted expert on the subject, An Introduction to 5G: The New Radio, 5G Network and Beyond offers an introductory system-level guide to 5G. The material covered includes:
* The use cases and requirements of the 5G system
* The architecture of the next generation radio access network and the 5G core
* The principles of radio transmission, millimetre waves and MIMO antennas
* The architecture and detailed design of the 5G new radio
* The implementation of HTTP/2 on the service-based interfaces of the 5G core
* The signalling procedures that govern the end-to-end-operation of the system
* The new features that are introduced in Releases 16 and 17
An Introduction to 5G is written for engineering professionals in mobile telecommunications, for those in non-technical roles such as management, marketing and intellectual property, and for students. It requires no more than a basic understanding of mobile communications, and includes detailed references to the underlying 3GPP specifications for 5G. The book's approach provides a comprehensive, end-to-end overview of the 5G standard, which enables readers to move on with confidence to the more specialized texts and to the specifications themselves.
Written by a noted expert on the subject, An Introduction to 5G: The New Radio, 5G Network and Beyond offers an introductory system-level guide to 5G. The material covered includes:
* The use cases and requirements of the 5G system
* The architecture of the next generation radio access network and the 5G core
* The principles of radio transmission, millimetre waves and MIMO antennas
* The architecture and detailed design of the 5G new radio
* The implementation of HTTP/2 on the service-based interfaces of the 5G core
* The signalling procedures that govern the end-to-end-operation of the system
* The new features that are introduced in Releases 16 and 17
An Introduction to 5G is written for engineering professionals in mobile telecommunications, for those in non-technical roles such as management, marketing and intellectual property, and for students. It requires no more than a basic understanding of mobile communications, and includes detailed references to the underlying 3GPP specifications for 5G. The book's approach provides a comprehensive, end-to-end overview of the 5G standard, which enables readers to move on with confidence to the more specialized texts and to the specifications themselves.
A comprehensive and approachable introduction to 5G
Written by a noted expert on the subject, An Introduction to 5G: The New Radio, 5G Network and Beyond offers an introductory system-level guide to 5G. The material covered includes:
* The use cases and requirements of the 5G system
* The architecture of the next generation radio access network and the 5G core
* The principles of radio transmission, millimetre waves and MIMO antennas
* The architecture and detailed design of the 5G new radio
* The implementation of HTTP/2 on the service-based interfaces of the 5G core
* The signalling procedures that govern the end-to-end-operation of the system
* The new features that are introduced in Releases 16 and 17
An Introduction to 5G is written for engineering professionals in mobile telecommunications, for those in non-technical roles such as management, marketing and intellectual property, and for students. It requires no more than a basic understanding of mobile communications, and includes detailed references to the underlying 3GPP specifications for 5G. The book's approach provides a comprehensive, end-to-end overview of the 5G standard, which enables readers to move on with confidence to the more specialized texts and to the specifications themselves.
Written by a noted expert on the subject, An Introduction to 5G: The New Radio, 5G Network and Beyond offers an introductory system-level guide to 5G. The material covered includes:
* The use cases and requirements of the 5G system
* The architecture of the next generation radio access network and the 5G core
* The principles of radio transmission, millimetre waves and MIMO antennas
* The architecture and detailed design of the 5G new radio
* The implementation of HTTP/2 on the service-based interfaces of the 5G core
* The signalling procedures that govern the end-to-end-operation of the system
* The new features that are introduced in Releases 16 and 17
An Introduction to 5G is written for engineering professionals in mobile telecommunications, for those in non-technical roles such as management, marketing and intellectual property, and for students. It requires no more than a basic understanding of mobile communications, and includes detailed references to the underlying 3GPP specifications for 5G. The book's approach provides a comprehensive, end-to-end overview of the 5G standard, which enables readers to move on with confidence to the more specialized texts and to the specifications themselves.
Über den Autor
Christopher Cox, PhD, is Director of Chris Cox Communications Ltd, UK. He is a professional technical trainer and consultant in mobile telecommunications, and an expert in 5G, 4G and 3G communication technologies. He draws on this expertise in delivering technical training and intellectual property consultancy for clients drawn from network operators and equipment manufacturers worldwide.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Preface xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
List of Abbreviations xxv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Architecture of a Mobile Telecommunication System 1
1.1.1 High-level Architecture 1
1.1.2 Internal Architecture of the Mobile 2
1.1.3 Architecture of the Radio Access Network 2
1.1.4 Coverage and Capacity 3
1.1.5 Architecture of the Core Network 4
1.1.6 Communication Protocols 4
1.2 History of Mobile Telecommunications 5
1.2.1 Introduction 5
1.2.2 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 6
1.2.3 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) 6
1.2.4 Long-term Evolution (LTE) 7
1.2.5 LTE-Advanced 8
1.2.6 LTE-Advanced Pro 8
1.2.7 Other Mobile Communication Systems 9
1.3 The Mobile Telecommunication Market 9
1.3.1 Traffic Levels 9
1.3.2 Numbers of Subscriptions 10
1.3.3 Operator Revenue 10
1.4 Use Cases and Markets for 5G 11
1.4.1 5G Research Projects 11
1.4.2 Enhanced Mobile Broadband 11
1.4.3 Massive Machine-type Communications 12
1.4.4 Ultra-reliable Low-latency Communication 13
1.4.5 Vehicle-to-everything Communication 14
1.4.6 Network Operation 15
1.5 Technical Performance Requirements 15
1.6 Technologies for 5G 16
1.6.1 Network Function Virtualization 16
1.6.2 Software-defined Networking 17
1.6.3 Network Slicing 18
1.6.4 Technologies for the Air Interface 19
1.7 The 3GPP Specifications for 5G 19
1.8 Architecture of 5G 21
1.8.1 High-level Architecture 21
1.8.2 Architectural Options 22
References 25
2 Architecture of the Core Network 29
2.1 The Evolved Packet Core 29
2.1.1 Release 8 Architecture 29
2.1.2 Control and User Plane Separation 30
2.2 The 5G Core Network 31
2.2.1 Representation Using Reference Points 31
2.2.2 Representation Using Service-based Interfaces 32
2.2.3 Data Transport 33
2.2.4 Roaming Architectures 34
2.2.5 Data Storage Architectures 35
2.2.6 Non-3GPP Access to the 5G Core 37
2.3 Network Areas, Slices and Identities 37
2.3.1 Network Identities 37
2.3.2 Network Slices 38
2.3.3 AMF Areas and Identities 39
2.3.4 UE Identities 39
2.3.5 UE Registration Areas 39
2.4 State Diagrams 40
2.4.1 Registration Management 40
2.4.2 Connection Management 41
2.4.3 Non-3GPP Access 41
2.5 Signalling Protocols 41
2.5.1 Signalling Protocol Architecture 41
2.5.2 Example Signalling Procedures 42
2.6 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol 43
2.6.1 HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 43
2.6.2 Representational State Transfer 44
2.6.3 The HTTP/2 Data Layer 45
2.6.4 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) 46
2.7 Example Network Function Services 47
2.7.1 Network Function Service Registration 47
2.7.2 Network Function Service Discovery 48
2.7.3 Network Function Service Subscription and Notification 49
References 50
3 Architecture of the Radio Access Network 55
3.1 The Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 55
3.1.1 Release 8 Architecture 55
3.1.2 Carrier Aggregation 56
3.1.3 Dual Connectivity 57
3.2 The Next-generation Node B 58
3.2.1 High Level Architecture 58
3.2.2 Internal Architecture 58
3.2.3 Deployment Options 59
3.3 Architectural Options 61
3.3.1 Multi-radio Dual Connectivity 61
3.3.2 Options 1 and 3 - EPC, E-UTRAN and MeNB 61
3.3.3 Options 5 and 7 - 5GC, NG-RAN and MeNB 62
3.3.4 Options 2 and 4 - 5GC, NG-RAN and MgNB 62
3.3.5 Data Transport 63
3.4 Network Areas and Identities 64
3.4.1 Tracking Areas 64
3.4.2 RAN Areas 65
3.4.3 Cell Identities 65
3.5 RRC State Diagram 65
3.5.1 5G State Diagram 65
3.5.2 Interworking with 4G 66
3.6 Signalling Protocols 67
3.6.1 Signalling Protocol Architecture 67
3.6.2 Signalling Radio Bearers 68
References 69
4 Spectrum, Antennas and Propagation 73
4.1 Radio Spectrum 73
4.1.1 Radio Waves 73
4.1.2 Use of Radio Spectrum 74
4.1.3 Spectrum Allocations for 5G 75
4.2 Antennas and Propagation 75
4.2.1 Antenna Gain 75
4.2.2 Radio Propagation in Free Space 77
4.2.3 Antenna Arrays for 5G 78
4.3 Radio Propagation Issues for Millimetre Waves 79
4.3.1 Diffraction and Reflection 79
4.3.2 Penetration Losses 80
4.3.3 Foliage Losses 80
4.3.4 Atmospheric Losses 82
4.4 Multipath, Fading and Coherence 83
4.4.1 Introduction 83
4.4.2 Angular Spread and Coherence Distance 83
4.4.3 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time 85
4.4.4 Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth 86
4.4.5 Channel Reciprocity 87
References 87
5 Digital Signal Processing 91
5.1 Modulation and Demodulation 91
5.1.1 Carrier Signal 91
5.1.2 Modulation 92
5.1.3 The Modulation Process 94
5.1.4 The Demodulation Process 95
5.1.5 Channel Estimation 96
5.1.6 Adaptive Modulation 96
5.2 Radio Transmission in a Mobile Cellular Network 97
5.2.1 Multiplexing and Multiple Access 97
5.2.2 FDD and TDD Modes 97
5.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 98
5.3.1 Subcarriers 98
5.3.2 The OFDM Transmitter 99
5.3.3 The OFDM Receiver 101
5.3.4 The Fast Fourier Transform 102
5.3.5 Block Diagram of the OFDMA Downlink 103
5.3.6 Block Diagram of the OFDMA Uplink 104
5.4 Other Features of OFDMA 105
5.4.1 Frequency-specific Scheduling 105
5.4.2 Subcarrier Orthogonality 107
5.4.3 Inter-symbol Interference and the Cyclic Prefix 107
5.5 Signal-processing Issues for 5G 110
5.5.1 Power Consumption 110
5.5.2 Timing Jitter and Phase Noise 111
5.5.3 Choice of Symbol Duration and Subcarrier Spacing 111
5.6 Error Management 112
5.6.1 Forward Error Correction 112
5.6.2 Automatic Repeat Request 113
5.6.3 Hybrid ARQ 113
5.6.4 Hybrid ARQ Processes 114
5.6.5 Higher-layer Retransmissions 115
References 116
6 Multiple-antenna Techniques 117
6.1 Analogue Beam Selection 117
6.1.1 Spatial Filtering 117
6.1.2 Beam Steering 119
6.1.3 Beamwidth of the Antenna Array 120
6.1.4 Grating Lobes 121
6.1.5 Analogue Signal-processing Issues 121
6.1.6 Beam Management 122
6.2 Digital Beamforming 122
6.2.1 Precoding and Postcoding 122
6.2.2 Digital Signal-processing Issues 124
6.2.3 Diversity Processing 124
6.3 Spatial Multiplexing 125
6.3.1 Principles of Spatial Multiplexing 125
6.3.2 Matrix Representation 126
6.3.3 MIMO and Coherence 127
6.3.4 Uplink Multiple-user MIMO 127
6.3.5 Downlink Multiple-user MIMO 129
6.3.6 Management of Multiple-user MIMO 131
6.3.7 Single-user MIMO 131
6.3.8 Signal Processing for Single-user MIMO 132
6.3.9 Management of Single-user MIMO 134
6.4 Massive MIMO 135
6.4.1 Architecture 135
6.4.2 Received Signal Power 136
6.4.3 Energy Efficiency 136
6.4.4 Spectral Efficiency 137
6.5 Hybrid Beamforming 138
6.5.1 Partly Connected Architecture 138
6.5.2 Fully Connected Architecture 139
6.5.3 Millimetre Wave MIMO 140
6.6 Multiple Antennas at the Mobile 141
6.6.1 Architecture 141
6.6.2 Beam Management 142
References 143
7 Architecture of the 5G New Radio 145
7.1 Air Interface Protocol Stack 145
7.1.1 5G Protocol Stack 145
7.1.2 Dual Connectivity 147
7.1.3 Channels and Signals 147
7.1.4 Information Flows 148
7.2 Frequency Bands and Combinations 152
7.2.1 Frequency Bands 152
7.2.2 Band Combinations 154
7.2.3 Bandwidth Classes 155
7.3 Frequency Domain Structure 155
7.3.1 Numerologies 155
7.3.2 Transmission Bandwidth Configuration 156
7.3.3 Global and Channel Frequency Rasters 157
7.3.4 Common Resource Blocks 158
7.3.5 Bandwidth Parts 159
7.3.6 Virtual and Physical Resource Blocks 159
7.4 Time Domain Structure 160
7.4.1 Frame Structure 160
7.4.2 Timing Advance 161
7.4.3 TDD Configurations 162
7.4.4 Slot Format Combinations 163
7.4.5 Resource Grid 164
7.5 Multiple Antennas 164
7.5.1 Antenna Ports 164
7.5.2 Relationships Between Antenna Ports 165
7.6 Data Transmission 166
7.6.1 Transport Channel Processing 166
7.6.2 Physical Channel Processing 167
7.6.3 Analogue Processing 168
References 169
8 Cell Acquisition 173
8.1 Acquisition Procedure 173
8.1.1 Introduction 173
8.1.2 Non-standalone Operation 174
8.1.3 Standalone Operation 175
8.2 Resource Mapping 175
8.2.1 SS/PBCH Blocks 175
8.2.2 Transmission Frequency 175
8.2.3 Transmission Timing 177
8.3 Acquisition of the SS/PBCH Block 178
8.3.1 Primary Synchronization Signal 178
8.3.2 Secondary Synchronization Signal 179
8.3.3 Demodulation Reference Signal for the PBCH 179
8.3.4 Physical Broadcast Channel 179
8.4 System Information 179
8.4.1 Master Information Block 179
8.4.2 System Information Block 1 180
8.4.3 Other System Information Blocks 180
8.4.4 Transmission and Reception of the System Information 181
References 182
9 Random Access 183
9.1 Physical Random Access Channel 183
9.1.1 PRACH Formats 183
9.1.2 Generation of the PRACH Preamble 185
9.1.3 Resource Mapping 186
9.2 Random Access Procedure 187
9.2.1 Random Access Preamble 187
9.2.2 Random Access Response 188
9.2.3 Message 3 189
9.2.4 Contention Resolution 189
9.2.5 Contention-free Procedure 189
References 190
10 Link Adaptation 191
10.1 CSI Reference Signals 191
10.1.1 Transmission and Reception 191
10.1.2 Resource Mapping 192
10.1.3 CSI-RS Resources 193
10.1.4 CSI-RS Resource Sets 194
10.2 Channel State Information 195
10.2.1 Introduction 195
10.2.2 CSI-RS and SS/PBCH Block Resource Indicators 195
10.2.3 Layer 1 RSRP 195
10.2.4 Rank Indication 195
10.2.5 Precoding Matrix Indicator 195
10.2.6 Channel Quality Indicator 197
10.2.7 Layer Indicator 197
10.2.8 CSI Reporting 197
10.3 Physical Uplink Control Channel 199
10.3.1 Introduction 199
10.3.2 PUCCH Formats 199
10.3.3 PUCCH Resources 201
10.4 Sounding 201
10.4.1 Transmission and Reception 201
10.4.2 Resource Mapping 202
10.4.3 SRS Resources 202
References 204
11 Data Transmission and Reception 205
11.1 Introduction 205
11.1.1 Data Transmission Procedure 205
11.1.2 Downlink Control Information 206
11.1.3 Radio Network Temporary Identifiers 206
11.2 Transmission and Reception of the PDCCH 207
11.2.1 Transmission of the PDCCH 207
11.2.2 Control Resource Sets 209
11.2.3 Search Spaces 209
11.2.4 Reception of the PDCCH 210
11.3 Scheduling Messages 211
11.3.1 DCI Formats 0_0 and 1_0 211
11.3.2 Time Domain Resource Assignment 211
11.3.3 Frequency Domain Resource Assignment 213
11.3.4...
Acknowledgements xxiii
List of Abbreviations xxv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Architecture of a Mobile Telecommunication System 1
1.1.1 High-level Architecture 1
1.1.2 Internal Architecture of the Mobile 2
1.1.3 Architecture of the Radio Access Network 2
1.1.4 Coverage and Capacity 3
1.1.5 Architecture of the Core Network 4
1.1.6 Communication Protocols 4
1.2 History of Mobile Telecommunications 5
1.2.1 Introduction 5
1.2.2 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 6
1.2.3 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) 6
1.2.4 Long-term Evolution (LTE) 7
1.2.5 LTE-Advanced 8
1.2.6 LTE-Advanced Pro 8
1.2.7 Other Mobile Communication Systems 9
1.3 The Mobile Telecommunication Market 9
1.3.1 Traffic Levels 9
1.3.2 Numbers of Subscriptions 10
1.3.3 Operator Revenue 10
1.4 Use Cases and Markets for 5G 11
1.4.1 5G Research Projects 11
1.4.2 Enhanced Mobile Broadband 11
1.4.3 Massive Machine-type Communications 12
1.4.4 Ultra-reliable Low-latency Communication 13
1.4.5 Vehicle-to-everything Communication 14
1.4.6 Network Operation 15
1.5 Technical Performance Requirements 15
1.6 Technologies for 5G 16
1.6.1 Network Function Virtualization 16
1.6.2 Software-defined Networking 17
1.6.3 Network Slicing 18
1.6.4 Technologies for the Air Interface 19
1.7 The 3GPP Specifications for 5G 19
1.8 Architecture of 5G 21
1.8.1 High-level Architecture 21
1.8.2 Architectural Options 22
References 25
2 Architecture of the Core Network 29
2.1 The Evolved Packet Core 29
2.1.1 Release 8 Architecture 29
2.1.2 Control and User Plane Separation 30
2.2 The 5G Core Network 31
2.2.1 Representation Using Reference Points 31
2.2.2 Representation Using Service-based Interfaces 32
2.2.3 Data Transport 33
2.2.4 Roaming Architectures 34
2.2.5 Data Storage Architectures 35
2.2.6 Non-3GPP Access to the 5G Core 37
2.3 Network Areas, Slices and Identities 37
2.3.1 Network Identities 37
2.3.2 Network Slices 38
2.3.3 AMF Areas and Identities 39
2.3.4 UE Identities 39
2.3.5 UE Registration Areas 39
2.4 State Diagrams 40
2.4.1 Registration Management 40
2.4.2 Connection Management 41
2.4.3 Non-3GPP Access 41
2.5 Signalling Protocols 41
2.5.1 Signalling Protocol Architecture 41
2.5.2 Example Signalling Procedures 42
2.6 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol 43
2.6.1 HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 43
2.6.2 Representational State Transfer 44
2.6.3 The HTTP/2 Data Layer 45
2.6.4 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) 46
2.7 Example Network Function Services 47
2.7.1 Network Function Service Registration 47
2.7.2 Network Function Service Discovery 48
2.7.3 Network Function Service Subscription and Notification 49
References 50
3 Architecture of the Radio Access Network 55
3.1 The Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 55
3.1.1 Release 8 Architecture 55
3.1.2 Carrier Aggregation 56
3.1.3 Dual Connectivity 57
3.2 The Next-generation Node B 58
3.2.1 High Level Architecture 58
3.2.2 Internal Architecture 58
3.2.3 Deployment Options 59
3.3 Architectural Options 61
3.3.1 Multi-radio Dual Connectivity 61
3.3.2 Options 1 and 3 - EPC, E-UTRAN and MeNB 61
3.3.3 Options 5 and 7 - 5GC, NG-RAN and MeNB 62
3.3.4 Options 2 and 4 - 5GC, NG-RAN and MgNB 62
3.3.5 Data Transport 63
3.4 Network Areas and Identities 64
3.4.1 Tracking Areas 64
3.4.2 RAN Areas 65
3.4.3 Cell Identities 65
3.5 RRC State Diagram 65
3.5.1 5G State Diagram 65
3.5.2 Interworking with 4G 66
3.6 Signalling Protocols 67
3.6.1 Signalling Protocol Architecture 67
3.6.2 Signalling Radio Bearers 68
References 69
4 Spectrum, Antennas and Propagation 73
4.1 Radio Spectrum 73
4.1.1 Radio Waves 73
4.1.2 Use of Radio Spectrum 74
4.1.3 Spectrum Allocations for 5G 75
4.2 Antennas and Propagation 75
4.2.1 Antenna Gain 75
4.2.2 Radio Propagation in Free Space 77
4.2.3 Antenna Arrays for 5G 78
4.3 Radio Propagation Issues for Millimetre Waves 79
4.3.1 Diffraction and Reflection 79
4.3.2 Penetration Losses 80
4.3.3 Foliage Losses 80
4.3.4 Atmospheric Losses 82
4.4 Multipath, Fading and Coherence 83
4.4.1 Introduction 83
4.4.2 Angular Spread and Coherence Distance 83
4.4.3 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time 85
4.4.4 Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth 86
4.4.5 Channel Reciprocity 87
References 87
5 Digital Signal Processing 91
5.1 Modulation and Demodulation 91
5.1.1 Carrier Signal 91
5.1.2 Modulation 92
5.1.3 The Modulation Process 94
5.1.4 The Demodulation Process 95
5.1.5 Channel Estimation 96
5.1.6 Adaptive Modulation 96
5.2 Radio Transmission in a Mobile Cellular Network 97
5.2.1 Multiplexing and Multiple Access 97
5.2.2 FDD and TDD Modes 97
5.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 98
5.3.1 Subcarriers 98
5.3.2 The OFDM Transmitter 99
5.3.3 The OFDM Receiver 101
5.3.4 The Fast Fourier Transform 102
5.3.5 Block Diagram of the OFDMA Downlink 103
5.3.6 Block Diagram of the OFDMA Uplink 104
5.4 Other Features of OFDMA 105
5.4.1 Frequency-specific Scheduling 105
5.4.2 Subcarrier Orthogonality 107
5.4.3 Inter-symbol Interference and the Cyclic Prefix 107
5.5 Signal-processing Issues for 5G 110
5.5.1 Power Consumption 110
5.5.2 Timing Jitter and Phase Noise 111
5.5.3 Choice of Symbol Duration and Subcarrier Spacing 111
5.6 Error Management 112
5.6.1 Forward Error Correction 112
5.6.2 Automatic Repeat Request 113
5.6.3 Hybrid ARQ 113
5.6.4 Hybrid ARQ Processes 114
5.6.5 Higher-layer Retransmissions 115
References 116
6 Multiple-antenna Techniques 117
6.1 Analogue Beam Selection 117
6.1.1 Spatial Filtering 117
6.1.2 Beam Steering 119
6.1.3 Beamwidth of the Antenna Array 120
6.1.4 Grating Lobes 121
6.1.5 Analogue Signal-processing Issues 121
6.1.6 Beam Management 122
6.2 Digital Beamforming 122
6.2.1 Precoding and Postcoding 122
6.2.2 Digital Signal-processing Issues 124
6.2.3 Diversity Processing 124
6.3 Spatial Multiplexing 125
6.3.1 Principles of Spatial Multiplexing 125
6.3.2 Matrix Representation 126
6.3.3 MIMO and Coherence 127
6.3.4 Uplink Multiple-user MIMO 127
6.3.5 Downlink Multiple-user MIMO 129
6.3.6 Management of Multiple-user MIMO 131
6.3.7 Single-user MIMO 131
6.3.8 Signal Processing for Single-user MIMO 132
6.3.9 Management of Single-user MIMO 134
6.4 Massive MIMO 135
6.4.1 Architecture 135
6.4.2 Received Signal Power 136
6.4.3 Energy Efficiency 136
6.4.4 Spectral Efficiency 137
6.5 Hybrid Beamforming 138
6.5.1 Partly Connected Architecture 138
6.5.2 Fully Connected Architecture 139
6.5.3 Millimetre Wave MIMO 140
6.6 Multiple Antennas at the Mobile 141
6.6.1 Architecture 141
6.6.2 Beam Management 142
References 143
7 Architecture of the 5G New Radio 145
7.1 Air Interface Protocol Stack 145
7.1.1 5G Protocol Stack 145
7.1.2 Dual Connectivity 147
7.1.3 Channels and Signals 147
7.1.4 Information Flows 148
7.2 Frequency Bands and Combinations 152
7.2.1 Frequency Bands 152
7.2.2 Band Combinations 154
7.2.3 Bandwidth Classes 155
7.3 Frequency Domain Structure 155
7.3.1 Numerologies 155
7.3.2 Transmission Bandwidth Configuration 156
7.3.3 Global and Channel Frequency Rasters 157
7.3.4 Common Resource Blocks 158
7.3.5 Bandwidth Parts 159
7.3.6 Virtual and Physical Resource Blocks 159
7.4 Time Domain Structure 160
7.4.1 Frame Structure 160
7.4.2 Timing Advance 161
7.4.3 TDD Configurations 162
7.4.4 Slot Format Combinations 163
7.4.5 Resource Grid 164
7.5 Multiple Antennas 164
7.5.1 Antenna Ports 164
7.5.2 Relationships Between Antenna Ports 165
7.6 Data Transmission 166
7.6.1 Transport Channel Processing 166
7.6.2 Physical Channel Processing 167
7.6.3 Analogue Processing 168
References 169
8 Cell Acquisition 173
8.1 Acquisition Procedure 173
8.1.1 Introduction 173
8.1.2 Non-standalone Operation 174
8.1.3 Standalone Operation 175
8.2 Resource Mapping 175
8.2.1 SS/PBCH Blocks 175
8.2.2 Transmission Frequency 175
8.2.3 Transmission Timing 177
8.3 Acquisition of the SS/PBCH Block 178
8.3.1 Primary Synchronization Signal 178
8.3.2 Secondary Synchronization Signal 179
8.3.3 Demodulation Reference Signal for the PBCH 179
8.3.4 Physical Broadcast Channel 179
8.4 System Information 179
8.4.1 Master Information Block 179
8.4.2 System Information Block 1 180
8.4.3 Other System Information Blocks 180
8.4.4 Transmission and Reception of the System Information 181
References 182
9 Random Access 183
9.1 Physical Random Access Channel 183
9.1.1 PRACH Formats 183
9.1.2 Generation of the PRACH Preamble 185
9.1.3 Resource Mapping 186
9.2 Random Access Procedure 187
9.2.1 Random Access Preamble 187
9.2.2 Random Access Response 188
9.2.3 Message 3 189
9.2.4 Contention Resolution 189
9.2.5 Contention-free Procedure 189
References 190
10 Link Adaptation 191
10.1 CSI Reference Signals 191
10.1.1 Transmission and Reception 191
10.1.2 Resource Mapping 192
10.1.3 CSI-RS Resources 193
10.1.4 CSI-RS Resource Sets 194
10.2 Channel State Information 195
10.2.1 Introduction 195
10.2.2 CSI-RS and SS/PBCH Block Resource Indicators 195
10.2.3 Layer 1 RSRP 195
10.2.4 Rank Indication 195
10.2.5 Precoding Matrix Indicator 195
10.2.6 Channel Quality Indicator 197
10.2.7 Layer Indicator 197
10.2.8 CSI Reporting 197
10.3 Physical Uplink Control Channel 199
10.3.1 Introduction 199
10.3.2 PUCCH Formats 199
10.3.3 PUCCH Resources 201
10.4 Sounding 201
10.4.1 Transmission and Reception 201
10.4.2 Resource Mapping 202
10.4.3 SRS Resources 202
References 204
11 Data Transmission and Reception 205
11.1 Introduction 205
11.1.1 Data Transmission Procedure 205
11.1.2 Downlink Control Information 206
11.1.3 Radio Network Temporary Identifiers 206
11.2 Transmission and Reception of the PDCCH 207
11.2.1 Transmission of the PDCCH 207
11.2.2 Control Resource Sets 209
11.2.3 Search Spaces 209
11.2.4 Reception of the PDCCH 210
11.3 Scheduling Messages 211
11.3.1 DCI Formats 0_0 and 1_0 211
11.3.2 Time Domain Resource Assignment 211
11.3.3 Frequency Domain Resource Assignment 213
11.3.4...
Details
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2020 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Nachrichtentechnik |
| Genre: | Technik |
| Rubrik: | Naturwissenschaften & Technik |
| Medium: | Buch |
| Seiten: | 448 |
| Inhalt: | 448 S. |
| ISBN-13: | 9781119602668 |
| ISBN-10: | 1119602661 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Einband: | Gebunden |
| Autor: | Cox, Christopher |
| Hersteller: | John Wiley & Sons Inc |
| Maße: | 252 x 180 x 35 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Christopher Cox |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 31.12.2020 |
| Gewicht: | 0,91 kg |
Über den Autor
Christopher Cox, PhD, is Director of Chris Cox Communications Ltd, UK. He is a professional technical trainer and consultant in mobile telecommunications, and an expert in 5G, 4G and 3G communication technologies. He draws on this expertise in delivering technical training and intellectual property consultancy for clients drawn from network operators and equipment manufacturers worldwide.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Preface xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
List of Abbreviations xxv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Architecture of a Mobile Telecommunication System 1
1.1.1 High-level Architecture 1
1.1.2 Internal Architecture of the Mobile 2
1.1.3 Architecture of the Radio Access Network 2
1.1.4 Coverage and Capacity 3
1.1.5 Architecture of the Core Network 4
1.1.6 Communication Protocols 4
1.2 History of Mobile Telecommunications 5
1.2.1 Introduction 5
1.2.2 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 6
1.2.3 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) 6
1.2.4 Long-term Evolution (LTE) 7
1.2.5 LTE-Advanced 8
1.2.6 LTE-Advanced Pro 8
1.2.7 Other Mobile Communication Systems 9
1.3 The Mobile Telecommunication Market 9
1.3.1 Traffic Levels 9
1.3.2 Numbers of Subscriptions 10
1.3.3 Operator Revenue 10
1.4 Use Cases and Markets for 5G 11
1.4.1 5G Research Projects 11
1.4.2 Enhanced Mobile Broadband 11
1.4.3 Massive Machine-type Communications 12
1.4.4 Ultra-reliable Low-latency Communication 13
1.4.5 Vehicle-to-everything Communication 14
1.4.6 Network Operation 15
1.5 Technical Performance Requirements 15
1.6 Technologies for 5G 16
1.6.1 Network Function Virtualization 16
1.6.2 Software-defined Networking 17
1.6.3 Network Slicing 18
1.6.4 Technologies for the Air Interface 19
1.7 The 3GPP Specifications for 5G 19
1.8 Architecture of 5G 21
1.8.1 High-level Architecture 21
1.8.2 Architectural Options 22
References 25
2 Architecture of the Core Network 29
2.1 The Evolved Packet Core 29
2.1.1 Release 8 Architecture 29
2.1.2 Control and User Plane Separation 30
2.2 The 5G Core Network 31
2.2.1 Representation Using Reference Points 31
2.2.2 Representation Using Service-based Interfaces 32
2.2.3 Data Transport 33
2.2.4 Roaming Architectures 34
2.2.5 Data Storage Architectures 35
2.2.6 Non-3GPP Access to the 5G Core 37
2.3 Network Areas, Slices and Identities 37
2.3.1 Network Identities 37
2.3.2 Network Slices 38
2.3.3 AMF Areas and Identities 39
2.3.4 UE Identities 39
2.3.5 UE Registration Areas 39
2.4 State Diagrams 40
2.4.1 Registration Management 40
2.4.2 Connection Management 41
2.4.3 Non-3GPP Access 41
2.5 Signalling Protocols 41
2.5.1 Signalling Protocol Architecture 41
2.5.2 Example Signalling Procedures 42
2.6 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol 43
2.6.1 HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 43
2.6.2 Representational State Transfer 44
2.6.3 The HTTP/2 Data Layer 45
2.6.4 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) 46
2.7 Example Network Function Services 47
2.7.1 Network Function Service Registration 47
2.7.2 Network Function Service Discovery 48
2.7.3 Network Function Service Subscription and Notification 49
References 50
3 Architecture of the Radio Access Network 55
3.1 The Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 55
3.1.1 Release 8 Architecture 55
3.1.2 Carrier Aggregation 56
3.1.3 Dual Connectivity 57
3.2 The Next-generation Node B 58
3.2.1 High Level Architecture 58
3.2.2 Internal Architecture 58
3.2.3 Deployment Options 59
3.3 Architectural Options 61
3.3.1 Multi-radio Dual Connectivity 61
3.3.2 Options 1 and 3 - EPC, E-UTRAN and MeNB 61
3.3.3 Options 5 and 7 - 5GC, NG-RAN and MeNB 62
3.3.4 Options 2 and 4 - 5GC, NG-RAN and MgNB 62
3.3.5 Data Transport 63
3.4 Network Areas and Identities 64
3.4.1 Tracking Areas 64
3.4.2 RAN Areas 65
3.4.3 Cell Identities 65
3.5 RRC State Diagram 65
3.5.1 5G State Diagram 65
3.5.2 Interworking with 4G 66
3.6 Signalling Protocols 67
3.6.1 Signalling Protocol Architecture 67
3.6.2 Signalling Radio Bearers 68
References 69
4 Spectrum, Antennas and Propagation 73
4.1 Radio Spectrum 73
4.1.1 Radio Waves 73
4.1.2 Use of Radio Spectrum 74
4.1.3 Spectrum Allocations for 5G 75
4.2 Antennas and Propagation 75
4.2.1 Antenna Gain 75
4.2.2 Radio Propagation in Free Space 77
4.2.3 Antenna Arrays for 5G 78
4.3 Radio Propagation Issues for Millimetre Waves 79
4.3.1 Diffraction and Reflection 79
4.3.2 Penetration Losses 80
4.3.3 Foliage Losses 80
4.3.4 Atmospheric Losses 82
4.4 Multipath, Fading and Coherence 83
4.4.1 Introduction 83
4.4.2 Angular Spread and Coherence Distance 83
4.4.3 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time 85
4.4.4 Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth 86
4.4.5 Channel Reciprocity 87
References 87
5 Digital Signal Processing 91
5.1 Modulation and Demodulation 91
5.1.1 Carrier Signal 91
5.1.2 Modulation 92
5.1.3 The Modulation Process 94
5.1.4 The Demodulation Process 95
5.1.5 Channel Estimation 96
5.1.6 Adaptive Modulation 96
5.2 Radio Transmission in a Mobile Cellular Network 97
5.2.1 Multiplexing and Multiple Access 97
5.2.2 FDD and TDD Modes 97
5.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 98
5.3.1 Subcarriers 98
5.3.2 The OFDM Transmitter 99
5.3.3 The OFDM Receiver 101
5.3.4 The Fast Fourier Transform 102
5.3.5 Block Diagram of the OFDMA Downlink 103
5.3.6 Block Diagram of the OFDMA Uplink 104
5.4 Other Features of OFDMA 105
5.4.1 Frequency-specific Scheduling 105
5.4.2 Subcarrier Orthogonality 107
5.4.3 Inter-symbol Interference and the Cyclic Prefix 107
5.5 Signal-processing Issues for 5G 110
5.5.1 Power Consumption 110
5.5.2 Timing Jitter and Phase Noise 111
5.5.3 Choice of Symbol Duration and Subcarrier Spacing 111
5.6 Error Management 112
5.6.1 Forward Error Correction 112
5.6.2 Automatic Repeat Request 113
5.6.3 Hybrid ARQ 113
5.6.4 Hybrid ARQ Processes 114
5.6.5 Higher-layer Retransmissions 115
References 116
6 Multiple-antenna Techniques 117
6.1 Analogue Beam Selection 117
6.1.1 Spatial Filtering 117
6.1.2 Beam Steering 119
6.1.3 Beamwidth of the Antenna Array 120
6.1.4 Grating Lobes 121
6.1.5 Analogue Signal-processing Issues 121
6.1.6 Beam Management 122
6.2 Digital Beamforming 122
6.2.1 Precoding and Postcoding 122
6.2.2 Digital Signal-processing Issues 124
6.2.3 Diversity Processing 124
6.3 Spatial Multiplexing 125
6.3.1 Principles of Spatial Multiplexing 125
6.3.2 Matrix Representation 126
6.3.3 MIMO and Coherence 127
6.3.4 Uplink Multiple-user MIMO 127
6.3.5 Downlink Multiple-user MIMO 129
6.3.6 Management of Multiple-user MIMO 131
6.3.7 Single-user MIMO 131
6.3.8 Signal Processing for Single-user MIMO 132
6.3.9 Management of Single-user MIMO 134
6.4 Massive MIMO 135
6.4.1 Architecture 135
6.4.2 Received Signal Power 136
6.4.3 Energy Efficiency 136
6.4.4 Spectral Efficiency 137
6.5 Hybrid Beamforming 138
6.5.1 Partly Connected Architecture 138
6.5.2 Fully Connected Architecture 139
6.5.3 Millimetre Wave MIMO 140
6.6 Multiple Antennas at the Mobile 141
6.6.1 Architecture 141
6.6.2 Beam Management 142
References 143
7 Architecture of the 5G New Radio 145
7.1 Air Interface Protocol Stack 145
7.1.1 5G Protocol Stack 145
7.1.2 Dual Connectivity 147
7.1.3 Channels and Signals 147
7.1.4 Information Flows 148
7.2 Frequency Bands and Combinations 152
7.2.1 Frequency Bands 152
7.2.2 Band Combinations 154
7.2.3 Bandwidth Classes 155
7.3 Frequency Domain Structure 155
7.3.1 Numerologies 155
7.3.2 Transmission Bandwidth Configuration 156
7.3.3 Global and Channel Frequency Rasters 157
7.3.4 Common Resource Blocks 158
7.3.5 Bandwidth Parts 159
7.3.6 Virtual and Physical Resource Blocks 159
7.4 Time Domain Structure 160
7.4.1 Frame Structure 160
7.4.2 Timing Advance 161
7.4.3 TDD Configurations 162
7.4.4 Slot Format Combinations 163
7.4.5 Resource Grid 164
7.5 Multiple Antennas 164
7.5.1 Antenna Ports 164
7.5.2 Relationships Between Antenna Ports 165
7.6 Data Transmission 166
7.6.1 Transport Channel Processing 166
7.6.2 Physical Channel Processing 167
7.6.3 Analogue Processing 168
References 169
8 Cell Acquisition 173
8.1 Acquisition Procedure 173
8.1.1 Introduction 173
8.1.2 Non-standalone Operation 174
8.1.3 Standalone Operation 175
8.2 Resource Mapping 175
8.2.1 SS/PBCH Blocks 175
8.2.2 Transmission Frequency 175
8.2.3 Transmission Timing 177
8.3 Acquisition of the SS/PBCH Block 178
8.3.1 Primary Synchronization Signal 178
8.3.2 Secondary Synchronization Signal 179
8.3.3 Demodulation Reference Signal for the PBCH 179
8.3.4 Physical Broadcast Channel 179
8.4 System Information 179
8.4.1 Master Information Block 179
8.4.2 System Information Block 1 180
8.4.3 Other System Information Blocks 180
8.4.4 Transmission and Reception of the System Information 181
References 182
9 Random Access 183
9.1 Physical Random Access Channel 183
9.1.1 PRACH Formats 183
9.1.2 Generation of the PRACH Preamble 185
9.1.3 Resource Mapping 186
9.2 Random Access Procedure 187
9.2.1 Random Access Preamble 187
9.2.2 Random Access Response 188
9.2.3 Message 3 189
9.2.4 Contention Resolution 189
9.2.5 Contention-free Procedure 189
References 190
10 Link Adaptation 191
10.1 CSI Reference Signals 191
10.1.1 Transmission and Reception 191
10.1.2 Resource Mapping 192
10.1.3 CSI-RS Resources 193
10.1.4 CSI-RS Resource Sets 194
10.2 Channel State Information 195
10.2.1 Introduction 195
10.2.2 CSI-RS and SS/PBCH Block Resource Indicators 195
10.2.3 Layer 1 RSRP 195
10.2.4 Rank Indication 195
10.2.5 Precoding Matrix Indicator 195
10.2.6 Channel Quality Indicator 197
10.2.7 Layer Indicator 197
10.2.8 CSI Reporting 197
10.3 Physical Uplink Control Channel 199
10.3.1 Introduction 199
10.3.2 PUCCH Formats 199
10.3.3 PUCCH Resources 201
10.4 Sounding 201
10.4.1 Transmission and Reception 201
10.4.2 Resource Mapping 202
10.4.3 SRS Resources 202
References 204
11 Data Transmission and Reception 205
11.1 Introduction 205
11.1.1 Data Transmission Procedure 205
11.1.2 Downlink Control Information 206
11.1.3 Radio Network Temporary Identifiers 206
11.2 Transmission and Reception of the PDCCH 207
11.2.1 Transmission of the PDCCH 207
11.2.2 Control Resource Sets 209
11.2.3 Search Spaces 209
11.2.4 Reception of the PDCCH 210
11.3 Scheduling Messages 211
11.3.1 DCI Formats 0_0 and 1_0 211
11.3.2 Time Domain Resource Assignment 211
11.3.3 Frequency Domain Resource Assignment 213
11.3.4...
Acknowledgements xxiii
List of Abbreviations xxv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Architecture of a Mobile Telecommunication System 1
1.1.1 High-level Architecture 1
1.1.2 Internal Architecture of the Mobile 2
1.1.3 Architecture of the Radio Access Network 2
1.1.4 Coverage and Capacity 3
1.1.5 Architecture of the Core Network 4
1.1.6 Communication Protocols 4
1.2 History of Mobile Telecommunications 5
1.2.1 Introduction 5
1.2.2 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 6
1.2.3 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) 6
1.2.4 Long-term Evolution (LTE) 7
1.2.5 LTE-Advanced 8
1.2.6 LTE-Advanced Pro 8
1.2.7 Other Mobile Communication Systems 9
1.3 The Mobile Telecommunication Market 9
1.3.1 Traffic Levels 9
1.3.2 Numbers of Subscriptions 10
1.3.3 Operator Revenue 10
1.4 Use Cases and Markets for 5G 11
1.4.1 5G Research Projects 11
1.4.2 Enhanced Mobile Broadband 11
1.4.3 Massive Machine-type Communications 12
1.4.4 Ultra-reliable Low-latency Communication 13
1.4.5 Vehicle-to-everything Communication 14
1.4.6 Network Operation 15
1.5 Technical Performance Requirements 15
1.6 Technologies for 5G 16
1.6.1 Network Function Virtualization 16
1.6.2 Software-defined Networking 17
1.6.3 Network Slicing 18
1.6.4 Technologies for the Air Interface 19
1.7 The 3GPP Specifications for 5G 19
1.8 Architecture of 5G 21
1.8.1 High-level Architecture 21
1.8.2 Architectural Options 22
References 25
2 Architecture of the Core Network 29
2.1 The Evolved Packet Core 29
2.1.1 Release 8 Architecture 29
2.1.2 Control and User Plane Separation 30
2.2 The 5G Core Network 31
2.2.1 Representation Using Reference Points 31
2.2.2 Representation Using Service-based Interfaces 32
2.2.3 Data Transport 33
2.2.4 Roaming Architectures 34
2.2.5 Data Storage Architectures 35
2.2.6 Non-3GPP Access to the 5G Core 37
2.3 Network Areas, Slices and Identities 37
2.3.1 Network Identities 37
2.3.2 Network Slices 38
2.3.3 AMF Areas and Identities 39
2.3.4 UE Identities 39
2.3.5 UE Registration Areas 39
2.4 State Diagrams 40
2.4.1 Registration Management 40
2.4.2 Connection Management 41
2.4.3 Non-3GPP Access 41
2.5 Signalling Protocols 41
2.5.1 Signalling Protocol Architecture 41
2.5.2 Example Signalling Procedures 42
2.6 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol 43
2.6.1 HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 43
2.6.2 Representational State Transfer 44
2.6.3 The HTTP/2 Data Layer 45
2.6.4 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) 46
2.7 Example Network Function Services 47
2.7.1 Network Function Service Registration 47
2.7.2 Network Function Service Discovery 48
2.7.3 Network Function Service Subscription and Notification 49
References 50
3 Architecture of the Radio Access Network 55
3.1 The Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 55
3.1.1 Release 8 Architecture 55
3.1.2 Carrier Aggregation 56
3.1.3 Dual Connectivity 57
3.2 The Next-generation Node B 58
3.2.1 High Level Architecture 58
3.2.2 Internal Architecture 58
3.2.3 Deployment Options 59
3.3 Architectural Options 61
3.3.1 Multi-radio Dual Connectivity 61
3.3.2 Options 1 and 3 - EPC, E-UTRAN and MeNB 61
3.3.3 Options 5 and 7 - 5GC, NG-RAN and MeNB 62
3.3.4 Options 2 and 4 - 5GC, NG-RAN and MgNB 62
3.3.5 Data Transport 63
3.4 Network Areas and Identities 64
3.4.1 Tracking Areas 64
3.4.2 RAN Areas 65
3.4.3 Cell Identities 65
3.5 RRC State Diagram 65
3.5.1 5G State Diagram 65
3.5.2 Interworking with 4G 66
3.6 Signalling Protocols 67
3.6.1 Signalling Protocol Architecture 67
3.6.2 Signalling Radio Bearers 68
References 69
4 Spectrum, Antennas and Propagation 73
4.1 Radio Spectrum 73
4.1.1 Radio Waves 73
4.1.2 Use of Radio Spectrum 74
4.1.3 Spectrum Allocations for 5G 75
4.2 Antennas and Propagation 75
4.2.1 Antenna Gain 75
4.2.2 Radio Propagation in Free Space 77
4.2.3 Antenna Arrays for 5G 78
4.3 Radio Propagation Issues for Millimetre Waves 79
4.3.1 Diffraction and Reflection 79
4.3.2 Penetration Losses 80
4.3.3 Foliage Losses 80
4.3.4 Atmospheric Losses 82
4.4 Multipath, Fading and Coherence 83
4.4.1 Introduction 83
4.4.2 Angular Spread and Coherence Distance 83
4.4.3 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time 85
4.4.4 Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth 86
4.4.5 Channel Reciprocity 87
References 87
5 Digital Signal Processing 91
5.1 Modulation and Demodulation 91
5.1.1 Carrier Signal 91
5.1.2 Modulation 92
5.1.3 The Modulation Process 94
5.1.4 The Demodulation Process 95
5.1.5 Channel Estimation 96
5.1.6 Adaptive Modulation 96
5.2 Radio Transmission in a Mobile Cellular Network 97
5.2.1 Multiplexing and Multiple Access 97
5.2.2 FDD and TDD Modes 97
5.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 98
5.3.1 Subcarriers 98
5.3.2 The OFDM Transmitter 99
5.3.3 The OFDM Receiver 101
5.3.4 The Fast Fourier Transform 102
5.3.5 Block Diagram of the OFDMA Downlink 103
5.3.6 Block Diagram of the OFDMA Uplink 104
5.4 Other Features of OFDMA 105
5.4.1 Frequency-specific Scheduling 105
5.4.2 Subcarrier Orthogonality 107
5.4.3 Inter-symbol Interference and the Cyclic Prefix 107
5.5 Signal-processing Issues for 5G 110
5.5.1 Power Consumption 110
5.5.2 Timing Jitter and Phase Noise 111
5.5.3 Choice of Symbol Duration and Subcarrier Spacing 111
5.6 Error Management 112
5.6.1 Forward Error Correction 112
5.6.2 Automatic Repeat Request 113
5.6.3 Hybrid ARQ 113
5.6.4 Hybrid ARQ Processes 114
5.6.5 Higher-layer Retransmissions 115
References 116
6 Multiple-antenna Techniques 117
6.1 Analogue Beam Selection 117
6.1.1 Spatial Filtering 117
6.1.2 Beam Steering 119
6.1.3 Beamwidth of the Antenna Array 120
6.1.4 Grating Lobes 121
6.1.5 Analogue Signal-processing Issues 121
6.1.6 Beam Management 122
6.2 Digital Beamforming 122
6.2.1 Precoding and Postcoding 122
6.2.2 Digital Signal-processing Issues 124
6.2.3 Diversity Processing 124
6.3 Spatial Multiplexing 125
6.3.1 Principles of Spatial Multiplexing 125
6.3.2 Matrix Representation 126
6.3.3 MIMO and Coherence 127
6.3.4 Uplink Multiple-user MIMO 127
6.3.5 Downlink Multiple-user MIMO 129
6.3.6 Management of Multiple-user MIMO 131
6.3.7 Single-user MIMO 131
6.3.8 Signal Processing for Single-user MIMO 132
6.3.9 Management of Single-user MIMO 134
6.4 Massive MIMO 135
6.4.1 Architecture 135
6.4.2 Received Signal Power 136
6.4.3 Energy Efficiency 136
6.4.4 Spectral Efficiency 137
6.5 Hybrid Beamforming 138
6.5.1 Partly Connected Architecture 138
6.5.2 Fully Connected Architecture 139
6.5.3 Millimetre Wave MIMO 140
6.6 Multiple Antennas at the Mobile 141
6.6.1 Architecture 141
6.6.2 Beam Management 142
References 143
7 Architecture of the 5G New Radio 145
7.1 Air Interface Protocol Stack 145
7.1.1 5G Protocol Stack 145
7.1.2 Dual Connectivity 147
7.1.3 Channels and Signals 147
7.1.4 Information Flows 148
7.2 Frequency Bands and Combinations 152
7.2.1 Frequency Bands 152
7.2.2 Band Combinations 154
7.2.3 Bandwidth Classes 155
7.3 Frequency Domain Structure 155
7.3.1 Numerologies 155
7.3.2 Transmission Bandwidth Configuration 156
7.3.3 Global and Channel Frequency Rasters 157
7.3.4 Common Resource Blocks 158
7.3.5 Bandwidth Parts 159
7.3.6 Virtual and Physical Resource Blocks 159
7.4 Time Domain Structure 160
7.4.1 Frame Structure 160
7.4.2 Timing Advance 161
7.4.3 TDD Configurations 162
7.4.4 Slot Format Combinations 163
7.4.5 Resource Grid 164
7.5 Multiple Antennas 164
7.5.1 Antenna Ports 164
7.5.2 Relationships Between Antenna Ports 165
7.6 Data Transmission 166
7.6.1 Transport Channel Processing 166
7.6.2 Physical Channel Processing 167
7.6.3 Analogue Processing 168
References 169
8 Cell Acquisition 173
8.1 Acquisition Procedure 173
8.1.1 Introduction 173
8.1.2 Non-standalone Operation 174
8.1.3 Standalone Operation 175
8.2 Resource Mapping 175
8.2.1 SS/PBCH Blocks 175
8.2.2 Transmission Frequency 175
8.2.3 Transmission Timing 177
8.3 Acquisition of the SS/PBCH Block 178
8.3.1 Primary Synchronization Signal 178
8.3.2 Secondary Synchronization Signal 179
8.3.3 Demodulation Reference Signal for the PBCH 179
8.3.4 Physical Broadcast Channel 179
8.4 System Information 179
8.4.1 Master Information Block 179
8.4.2 System Information Block 1 180
8.4.3 Other System Information Blocks 180
8.4.4 Transmission and Reception of the System Information 181
References 182
9 Random Access 183
9.1 Physical Random Access Channel 183
9.1.1 PRACH Formats 183
9.1.2 Generation of the PRACH Preamble 185
9.1.3 Resource Mapping 186
9.2 Random Access Procedure 187
9.2.1 Random Access Preamble 187
9.2.2 Random Access Response 188
9.2.3 Message 3 189
9.2.4 Contention Resolution 189
9.2.5 Contention-free Procedure 189
References 190
10 Link Adaptation 191
10.1 CSI Reference Signals 191
10.1.1 Transmission and Reception 191
10.1.2 Resource Mapping 192
10.1.3 CSI-RS Resources 193
10.1.4 CSI-RS Resource Sets 194
10.2 Channel State Information 195
10.2.1 Introduction 195
10.2.2 CSI-RS and SS/PBCH Block Resource Indicators 195
10.2.3 Layer 1 RSRP 195
10.2.4 Rank Indication 195
10.2.5 Precoding Matrix Indicator 195
10.2.6 Channel Quality Indicator 197
10.2.7 Layer Indicator 197
10.2.8 CSI Reporting 197
10.3 Physical Uplink Control Channel 199
10.3.1 Introduction 199
10.3.2 PUCCH Formats 199
10.3.3 PUCCH Resources 201
10.4 Sounding 201
10.4.1 Transmission and Reception 201
10.4.2 Resource Mapping 202
10.4.3 SRS Resources 202
References 204
11 Data Transmission and Reception 205
11.1 Introduction 205
11.1.1 Data Transmission Procedure 205
11.1.2 Downlink Control Information 206
11.1.3 Radio Network Temporary Identifiers 206
11.2 Transmission and Reception of the PDCCH 207
11.2.1 Transmission of the PDCCH 207
11.2.2 Control Resource Sets 209
11.2.3 Search Spaces 209
11.2.4 Reception of the PDCCH 210
11.3 Scheduling Messages 211
11.3.1 DCI Formats 0_0 and 1_0 211
11.3.2 Time Domain Resource Assignment 211
11.3.3 Frequency Domain Resource Assignment 213
11.3.4...
Details
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2020 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Nachrichtentechnik |
| Genre: | Technik |
| Rubrik: | Naturwissenschaften & Technik |
| Medium: | Buch |
| Seiten: | 448 |
| Inhalt: | 448 S. |
| ISBN-13: | 9781119602668 |
| ISBN-10: | 1119602661 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Einband: | Gebunden |
| Autor: | Cox, Christopher |
| Hersteller: | John Wiley & Sons Inc |
| Maße: | 252 x 180 x 35 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Christopher Cox |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 31.12.2020 |
| Gewicht: | 0,91 kg |
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