Contents

Introduction

Language Variety and Grammar

The Point of the Book

A Summary of the Book

Key Points

A Guide to Non-Standard American Varieties

Acknowledgements

Credits

Abbreviations and Conventions

Introduction Notes

Chapter 1: Sentences; Parts of Speech and Their Phrases

1. Sentences: Subjects, Verbs, Verb Complements, and Sentence Modifiers

1.2 Parts of Speech and Their Phrases

Key Points

1.3 Exercises: Sentences

Chapter 1: Notes

Chapter 2: Nouns (N) and Noun Phrases (NP)

2.1 Noun Features

2.2 Noun Phrases

2.3 Noun Phrase Functions

Key Points

2.4 Exercises: Noun Phrases

Chapter 2 Notes

Chapter 3: Prepositions (P) and Prepositional Phrases (PP)

3.1 Prepositions: Form and Function

3.2 Prepositional Phrases: Form and Function

3.3 Prepositions and Language Variation

Key Points

3.4 Exercises: Prepositional Phrases

Chapter 3 Notes

Chapter 4: Adjectives (Adj) and Adjective Phrases (AdjP); Determiners (D) and Determiner Phrases (DP)

4.1 Adjective Forms

4.1.1 Adjective Phrases: Forms and Functions

4.2 Determiners (D) and Determiner Phrases (DP)

4.2.1 Determiner Forms

4.2.2 Determiner Phrases: Forms and Functions

4.3 What makes determiners different from adjectives? And why are number determiners?

Key Points

4.4 Exercises

Chapter 4 Notes

Chapter 5: Pronouns (ProN) and Pronoun Phrases (ProNP)

5.1 Pronoun Forms

5.2 Pronoun Attributes: Case, Number, Person, Gender, Animateness

5.3 Pronoun Functions

5.4 Identifying Pronouns

Key Points

5.5 Exercises: Pronouns

Chapter 5 Notes

Chapter 6: Verbs (V)

6.1 Verb Forms

6.1.1 Tense

6.1.2 Modality, Aspect, and Voice

6.1.2.1 Modality

6.1.2.2 Aspect

6.1.2.3 Voice

6.1.3 Tense, Modality, Aspect, Voice: Putting Them All Together

6.1.4 Imperative Mood

6.1.5 Subjunctive Mood

6.1.6 Auxiliary dó

6.1.7Generic Past Semi-auxiliary used to

6.1.8 Non-Standard Absent be

6.1.9 How many bes are there?

6.2 Identifying Verbs

Key Points

6.3 Exercises: Verbs: Tense, Mood, Aspect, Voice

Chapter 6 Notes

Chapter 7: Verb Phrases (VP)

7.1 Verb Complements

7.1.1 Verbs with No Complements: Intransitive Verbs

7.1.2 Verbs with One Complement

7.1.2.1 Monotransitive Verbs

7.1.2.2 Intransitive Linking Verbs and Copular be with a Nominal or Adjectival Subject Complement

7.1.2.3 Intransitive Copular be with an Adverbial Subject Complement

7.1.2.4 Intransitive Verbs with an Adverbial Complement

7.1.2.5 Intransitive Quotative Verbs

7.1.3 Verb