Foreword xix

Introduction xxi

Chapter 1: Introduction To Networking 1

Pre-Assessment 2

1 1: Before the Internet 4

ARPANET: Genesis of the Internet 4

ARPANET Challenges and the Origin of TCP/IP 6

From War Room to Boardroom: The Internet Comes of Age 8

1 2: Service Providers and Content Providers 9

1 3: Modern Internet Service Providers 13

1 4: Overview of TCP/IP 15

Understanding the TCP/IP Layers 18

Forwarding Data 21

The OSI Reference Model 27

Chapter Review 31

Post-Assessment 32

Chapter 2: The Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR and 7450 ESS Components and the Command-Line Interface 37

Pre-Assessment 38

2 1 The Alcatel-Lucent 7750 Service Router Family 40

The Alcatel-Lucent 7450 Ethernet Service Switch Group 42

Control Plane versus Data Plane 44

Physical Components of the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR and 7450 ESS Series 45

How Packets Are Processed by the IOM 47

Basic Bootup Components 48

System Initialization Process 50

The Boot Options 51

2 2 Command-Line Interface 54

Provisioning the Alcatel-Lucent SR/ESS Systems 58

Using Logs and Alarms 62

Practice Lab: Alcatel-Lucent 7750/7450 Hardware and the CLI 66

Lab Section 2 1: First Contact 66

Lab Section 2 2: What Is the Router Doing? Getting Help and Information 69

Lab Section 2 3: Saving Configuration Changes 75

Chapter Review 78

Post-Assessment 79

Chapter 3: Data Link Overview 83

Pre-Assessment 84

3 1 OSI Layer 2 Overview 86

Types of Data Link Layer Protocols 87

Scope of the Data Link Layer 88

3 2 Layer 2 Protocols: PPP, ATM, and Time Division Multiplexing 90

PPP: The Point-to-Point Protocol 90

Circuit-Switching and ATM 93

Time Division Multiplexing 97

Broadcast and Shared Access Data Links 98

3 3 Ethernet Overview 100

Ethernet Addressing and Operations 106

Ethernet Transmission-CSMA/CD 109

Ethernet Physical Standards 114

Practice Lab: Configuring IOMs, MDAs, and Ports 116

Lab Section 3 1: A Full Deck of Cards 117

Lab Section 3 2: An MDA for Every Need 120

Lab Section 3 3: All Ports Up to L2 Ethernet 123

Chapter Review 126

Post-Assessment 127

Chapter 4: Switched Networks, Spanning Tree, and VLANs 131

Pre-Assessment 132

4 1 Ethernet Devices: Hubs and Switches 134

4 2 Ethernet Switching Operations 136

4 3 Ethernet Link Redundancy: LAG 139

LAG Configuration 140

4 4 Ethernet Path Redundancy: STP 143

Using STP to Prevent Loops 146

4 5 Virtual LANs 154

Chapter Review 163

Post-Assessment 165

Chapter 5: IP Addressing 169

Pre-Assessment 170

5 1 Interconnecting Networks 172

The Need for Layer 3 172

How Layer 3 Functions 173

5 2 The IP Header 177

IP Header Fields 178

5 3 IP Addressing 180

Class-Based IP Addressing 184

Private IP Addressing 189

Types of IP Addresses 189

5 4 IP Subnetting 192

Identifying an IP Subnet 193

IP Subnet Address Planning 197

IP Subnets and VLSM Examples 202

Subnet Creation Exercises 207

Answers to Subnet Questions 209

5 5 CIDR and Route Aggregation-The End of Classful IP Addressing 211

CIDR versus VLSM 215

Practice Lab: IP Addressing and Routing 218

Lab Section 5 1: IP Addressing with Enterprise Customers 219

Lab Section 5 2: IP Addressing with P, PE, and CE Routers 221

Lab Section 5 3: Layer 3 Interfaces 224

Chapter Review 231

Post-Assessment 232

Chapter 6: IP Forwarding and Services 237

Pre-Assessment 238

6 1 The IP Forwarding Process 240

6 2 Typical IP Configurations 243

NAT and PAT 246

Dhcp 249

6 3 Additional IP-Related Services 252

Icmp 252

Arp 254

6 4 IP Filtering 260

Practice Lab: ICMP and ARP 267

Lab Section 6 1: Testing for ICMP and ARP 268

Chapter Review 273

Post-Assessment 274

Chapter 7: Transport Layer Services-TCP and UDP 279

Pre-Assessment 280

7 1 Understanding the Transport Layer 282

7 2 Transport Control Protocol (TCP) 284

The TCP Header 286

Establishing a TCP Connection-The Three-Way Handshake 289

TCP Reliable Data Transfer 290

TCP Flow Control 293

TCP Operation 295

Congestion Control in TCP 297

7 3 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 300

Capabilities of UDP 301

The UDP Header 302

UDP Similarities with TCP 303

7 4 Port Numbers and Sockets 304

Chapter Review 306

Post-Assessment 308

Chapter 8: Introduction to IP Routing 313

Pre-Assessment 314

8 1 IP Routing Concepts and Purposes 316

IGPs and EGPs 317

IP Forwarding Using the Routing Table 318

Building a Routing Table 322

IP Forwarding Details 325

Selecting Routes from Multiple Routing Protocols 328

8 2 Static and Default Routes 331

8 3 Dynamic Routing Protocols 334

Practice Lab: Introduction to IP Routing 340

Lab Section 8 1: Static Routes 341

Lab Section 8 2: Default Routes and Router Logic 345

Chapter Review 350

Post-Assessment 351

Chapter 9: Ospf 355

Pre-Assessment 356

9 1 Introduction to OSPF 358

The Shortest Path First Algorithm 359

Additional OSPF Features 360

9 2 Router IDs and Their Function 361

OSPF Point-to-Point Adjacencies 362

Forming an OSPF Adjacency 364

OSPF Commands 367

9 3 Link State Updates and Flooding 375

OSPF Metrics and SPF Calculation 379

Practice Lab: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 381

Lab Section 9 1: Single Area OSPF 382

Chapter Review 387

Post-Assessment 388

Chapter 10: Bgp 393

Pre-Assessment 394

10 1 Interior and Exterior Gateway Protocols 396

10 2 Autonomous Systems 398

10 3 History and Features of BGP 400

10 4 BGP Metrics 403

10 5 When to Use BGP 405

10 6 Packet Details and Operation 406

BGP Update Processing 407

10 7 BGP Case Studies 408

Use Case I 408

Use Case II 410

Use Case III 411

Practice Lab: BGP Routing 412

Lab Section 10 1: External BGP Routing 413

Lab Section 10 2: Internal BGP Routing 417

Chapter Review 421

Post-Assessment 423

Chapter 11: MPLS and VPN Services 427

Pre-Assessment 428

11 1 Services Overview 430

The Building Blocks of MPLS and VPN Services 431

Understanding VPN Services 433

Understanding MPLS 435

Understanding LDP 437

11 2 MPLS in Detail 440

11 3 VPN Services in Detail 443

Vpws 444

Vpls 445

Vprn 447

Practice Lab: Services 449

Lab Section 11 1: Services Framework 450

Lab Section 11 2: VPLS Example 457

Chapter Review 464

Post-Assessment 465

Appendix A: Chapter Assessment Questions and Answers 469

Assessment Questions 470

Chapter 1 470

Chapter 2 473

Chapter 3 476

Chapter 4 479

Chapter 5 483

Chapter 6 487

Chapter 7 490

Chapter 8 493

Chapter 9 497

Chapter 10 500

Chapter 11 503

Answers to Assessment Questions 506

Chapter 1 506

Chapter 2 507

Chapter 3 509

Chapter 4 510

Chapter 5 512

Chapter 6 514

Chapter 7 516

Chapter 8 517

Chapter 9 519

Chapter 10 520

Chapter 11 522

Appendix B: Lab Exercises and Solutions 525

Chapter 2: Alcatel-Lucent 7750/7450 Hardware and the Command Line Interface 526

Lab Section 2 1: First Contact 526

Lab Section 2 2: What Is the Router Doing? Getting Help and Information 529

Lab Section 2 3: Saving Configuration Changes 534

Chapter 3: Configuring IOMs, MDAs, and Ports 538

Lab Section 3 1: A Full Deck of Cards 539

Lab Section 3 2: An MDA for Every Need 542

Lab Section 3 3: All Ports Up to L2 Ethernet 545

Chapter 5: IP Addressing and Routing 548

Lab Section 5 1: IP Addressing with Enterprise Customers 548

Lab Section 5 2: IP Addressing with P, PE, and CE Routers 550

Lab Section 5 3: Layer 3 Interfaces 554

Chapter 6: ICMP and ARP 560

Lab Section 6 1: Testing for ICMP and ARP 560

Chapter 8: Introduction to IP Routing 565

Lab Section 8 1: Static Routes 566

Lab Section 8 2: Default Routes and Router Logic 569

Chapter 9: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 574

Lab Section 9 1: Single Area OSPF 574

Chapter 10: BGP Routing 580

Lab Section 10 1: External BGP Routing 581

Lab Section 10 2: Internal BGP Routing 585

Chapter 11: Services 590

Lab Section 11 1: Services Framework 591

Lab Section 11 2: VPLS Example 599

Solutions 606

Lab Section 2 1 Exercises 606

Lab Section 2 2 Exercises 606

Lab Section 2 3 Exercises 608

Lab Section 3 1 Exercises 609

Lab Section 3 2 Exercises 610

Lab Section 3 3 Exercises 611

Lab Section 5 1 Exercises 613

Lab Section 5 2 Exercises 613

Lab Section 5 3 Exercises 615

Lab Section 6 1 Exercises 618

Lab Section 8 1 Exercises 620

Lab Section 8 2 Exercises 623

Lab Section 9 1...