Suzanne M. Kresta is a professor in the Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering at the University of Alberta.

Arthur W. Etchells III is a retired DuPont Fellow with over forty years consulting in industrial mixing.

David S. Dickey is a consultant specializing in mixing processes and equipment with MixTech, Inc. He has more than forty years experience with mixing processes and equipment.

Victor Atiemo-Obeng is retired from The Dow Chemical Company where he worked as a scientist in the Engineering Science and Market Development department.

The North American Mixing Forum provides an opportunity for dialogue about mixing problems in a wide range of industrial applications.

Contributors List xxxix Editors' Introduction xliii Contents of the DVD, Including Instructional Videos lvii A Technical Definition of Mixing 1Joelle Aubin and Suzanne M. Kresta Range of Industrial Mixing Applications 2 Three Dimensions of Segregation: A Technical Definition of Mixing 3 Identifying Mixing Problems: Defining the Critical Scales and Process Objectives 5 Notation 9 References 9 1a Residence Time Distributions 11E. Bruce Nauman 1a-1 Introduction 12 1a-2 Measurements and Distribution Functions 1a-3 Residence Time Models of Flow Systems 1a-4 Uses of Residence Time Distributions 1a-5 Extensions of Residence Time Theory Nomenclature References 1b Mean Age Theory for Quantitative Mixing Analysis 15Minye Liu 1b-1 Introduction 15 1b-2 Age and Time in a Flow System 16 1b-3 Governing Equations of Mean Age and Higher Moments 17 1b-4 Computation of Mean Age 20 1b-5 Relations of Mean Age and Residence Time Distribution 25 1b-6 Variances and the Degree of Mixing 27 1b-7 Mean Age and Concentration in a CFSTR 31 1b-8 Probability Distribution Function of Mean Age 34 1b-9 Future Development of Mean Age Theory 39 Nomenclature 39 Greek Letters 40 References 41 2a Turbulence in Mixing Applications 43Suzanne M. Kresta and Robert S. Brodkey 2a-1 Introduction 44 2a-2 Background 2a-3 Classical Measures of Turbulence 2a-4 Dynamics and Averages: Reducing the Dimensionality of the Problem 2a-5 Modeling the Turbulent Transport 2a-6 What Have We Learned? Nomenclature References 2b Update to Turbulence in Mixing Applications 47Marcio B. Machado and Suzanne M. Kresta 2b-1 Introduction 47 2b-2 The Velocity Field and Turbulence 48 2b-3 Spectrum of Turbulent Length Scales: Injection of Scalar (Either Reagent or Additive) and the Macro-, Meso-, and Microscales of Mixing 56 2b-4 Turbulence and Mixing of Solids, Liquids, and Gases 65 2b-5 Specifying Mixing Requirements for a Process 66 2b-6 Conclusions 78 Notation 78 Roman Characters 78 Greek Characters 79 References 80 3a Laminar Mixing: A Dynamical Systems Approach 85Edit S. Szalai, Mario M. Alvarez, and Fernando J. Muzzio 3a-1 Introduction 86 3a-2 Background 3a-3 How to Evaluate Mixing Performance 3a-4 Physics of Chaotic Flows Applied to Laminar Mixing 3a-5 Applications to Physically Realizable Chaotic Flows 3a-6 Reactive Chaotic Flows 3a-7 Summary 3a-8 Conclusions Nomenclature References 3b Microstructure, Rheology, and Processing of Complex Fluids 87Patrick T. Spicer and James F. Gilchrist 3b-1 Introduction 87 3b-2 Literature Analysis-Mixing of Complex Fluids 90 3b-3 Common Complex Fluid Rheology Classes and Their Effects 92 3b-4 Conclusions 110 Nomenclature 110 Greek Symbols 111 References 111 4 Experimental Methods Part A: Measuring Tools and Techniques for Mixing and Flow Visualization Studies 115David A. R. Brown, Pip N. Jones, and John C. Middleton 4-1 Introduction 117 4-2 Mixing Laboratory 4-3 Power Draw or Torque Measurement 4-4 Single-Phase Blending 4-5 Solid-Liquid Mixing 4-6 Liquid-Liquid Dispersion 4-7 Gas-Liquid Mixing 4-8 Other Techniques Part B: Fundamental Flow Measurement 4-9 Scope of Fundamental Flow Measurement Techniques 4-10 Laser Doppler Anemometry 4-11 Phase Doppler Anemometry 4-12 Particle Image Velocimetry Nomenclature References 5a Computational Fluid Mixing 119Elizabeth Marden Marshall and Andre Bakker 5a-1 Introduction 120 5a-2 Computational Fluid Dynamics 5a-3 Numerical Methods 5a-4 Stirred Tank Modeling Using Experimental Data 5a-5 Stirred Tank Modeling Using the Actual Impeller Geometry 5a-6 Evaluating Mixing from Flow Field Results 5a-7 Applications 5a-8 Closing Remarks Acknowledgments Nomenclature References 5b CFD Modeling of Stirred Tank Reactors 123Minye Liu 5b-1 Numerical Issues 123 5b-2 Turbulence Models 131 5b-3 Quantitative Predictions 137 5b-4 Modeling Other Physics 142 Nomenclature 144 Greek Letters 144 References 145 6a Mechanically Stirred Vessels 149Ramesh R. Hemrajani and Gary B. Tatterson 6a-1 Introduction 150 6a-2 Key Design Parameters 6a-3 Flow Characteristics 6a-4 Scale-up 6a-5 Performance Characteristics and Ranges of Application 6a-6 Laminar Mixing in Mechanically Stirred Vessels Nomenclature References 6b Flow Patterns and Mixing 153Suzanne M. Kresta and David S. Dickey 6b-1 Introduction 153 6b-2 Circulation Patterns 154 6b-3 Coupling the Velocity Field with Applications 178 Nomenclature 185 Greek Symbols 185 References 186 6c Vessel Heads: Depths, Volumes, and Areas 189David S. Dickey, Daniel R. Crookston, and Reid B. Crookston 6c-1 Head Depth 190 6c-2 Head Volume 193 6c-3 Head Area 194 6c-4 Dimensionless Coefficients for Torispherical Heads 195 6c-5 Calculations for Conical Bottoms 197 6c-6 Other Types of Bottoms 199 Nomenclature 199 Dimensional Variables and Parameters 199 Dimensionless Variables and Parameters 199 Dimensionless Greek Symbols 200 References 200 7a Mixing in Pipelines 201Arthur W. Etchells III and Chris F. Meyer 7a-1 Introduction 202 7a-2 Fluid Dynamic Modes: Flow Regimes 7a-3 Overview of Pipeline Device Options by Flow Regime 7a-4 Applications 7a-5 Blending and Radial Mixing in Pipeline Flow 7a-6 Tee Mixers 7a-7 Static or Motionless Mixing Equipment 7a-8 Static Mixer Design Fundamentals 7a-9 Multiphase Flow in Motionless Mixers and Pipes 7a-10 Transitional Flow 7a-11 Motionless Mixers: Other Considerations 7a-12 In-line Mechanical Mixers 7a-13 Other Process Results 7a-14 Summary and Future Developments Acknowledgments Nomenclature References 7b Update to Mixing in Pipelines 205Thomas A. Simpson, Michael K. Dawson, and Arthur W. Etchells III 7b-1 Introduction 205 7b-2 Use of CFD with Static Mixers 206 7b-3 Recent Developments in Single-Phase Blending 207 7b-4 Recent Developments in Multiphase Dispersions 222 7b-5 Mixing with Static Mixers When Solids are Present 229 Notation 232 Roman Characters 232 Greek Characters 233 Subscripts 233 References 235 7c Introduction to Micromixers 239Joelle Aubin and Abraham D. Stroock 7c-1 Introduction 239 7c-2 Mixing and Transport Phenomena 240 7c-3 Micromixer Geometries and Fluid Contacting Mechanisms 241 7c-4 Characterization of Flow and Mixing 244 7c-5 Multiphase Mixing 245 7c-6 Commercial Equipment and Industrial Examples 247 7c-7 Evaluation of the Current and Future Applicability of Microreactors in Industry 250 Notation 251 Suggested Reading 251 References 251 8 Rotor-Stator Mixing Devices 255Victor Atiemo-Obeng and Richard V. Calabrese 8-1 Introduction 256 8-2 Geometry and Design Configurations 8-3 Hydrodynamics of Rotor-Stator Mixers 8-5 Mechanical Design Considerations 8-6 Rotor-Stator Mixing Equipment Suppliers Nomenclature References 9a Blending of Miscible Liquids 259Richard K. Grenville and Alvin W. Nienow 9a-1 Introduction 260 9a-2 Blending of Newtonian Fluids in the Turbulent and Transitional Regimes 9a-3 Blending of Non-Newtonian, Shear-Thinning Fluids in the Turbulent and Transitional Regimes 9a-4 Blending in the Laminar Regime 9a-5 Jet Mixing in Tanks Nomenclature References 9b Laminar Mixing Processes in Stirred Vessels 261Philippe A. Tanguy, Louis Fradette, Gabriel Ascanio, and Ryuichi Yatomi 9b-1 Introduction 261 9b-2 Laminar Mixing Background 263 9b-3 Rheologically Complex Fluids 266 9b-4 Heat Effects 268 9b-5 Laminar Mixing Equipment 269 9b-6 Key Design Parameters 274 9b-7 Power Number and Power Constant 276 9b-8 Experimental Techniques to Determine Blend Time 282 9b-9 Mixing Efficiency 285 9b-10 Characterization of the Mixing Flow Field 288 9b-11 Hydrodynamic Characterization of Laminar Blending 301 9b-12 Application of Chaos in Mixing 317 9b-13 Selecting an Appropriate Geometry for Generic Applications 328 9b-14 Heat and Mass Transfer in the Laminar Mixing 336 9b-15 Industrial Mixing Process Requirements 338 9b-16 Scale-up Rules in the Laminar Regime 340 9b-17 Mixer Troubleshooting and Engineering Calculations 342 9b-18 Concluding Remarks 347 Acknowledgments 348 References 348 10 Solid-Liquid Mixing 357David A. R. Brown, Arthur W. Etchells III, with sections by Richard K. Grenville, Kevin J. Myers, N. Gul Ozcan-Taskin incorporating sections by Victor A. Atiemo-Obeng, Piero H. Armenante, and W. Roy Penney 10-1 Introduction and Scope 358 10-2 Solid and Liquid Physical Characteristics 364 10-3 Agitation of Sinking or Settling Solids 371 10-4 Incorporation and Dispersion of Floating Solids 416 10-5 Attrition and Particle Damage 425 10-6 Solids Suspension and Distribution Using Liquid Jets 430 10-7 Mass Transfer 431 10-8 Lab and Pilot-Scale Testing 440 Nomenclature 441 Dimensional Variables and Parameters 441 Dimensionless Parameters 442 Greek Symbols 443 References 443 11 Gas-Liquid Mixing in Turbulent Systems 451John C. Middleton and John M. Smith 11-1 Introduction 452 11-2 Selection and Configuration of Gas-Liquid Equipment 11-3 Flow Patterns and Operating Regimes 11-4 Power 11-5 Gas Hold-up or Retained Gas Fraction 11-6 Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer 11-7 Bubble Size 11-8 Consequences of Scale-up Nomenclature References 12 Immiscible Liquid-Liquid Systems 457Douglas E. Leng and Richard V. Calabrese 12-1 Introduction 459 12-2 Liquid-Liquid Dispersion 12-3 Drop Coalescence 12-4 Population Balances 12-5 More Concentrated Systems 12-6 Other Considerations 12-7 Equipment Selection for Liquid-Liquid Operations 12-8 Scale-up of Liquid-Liquid Systems 12-9 Industrial Applications Nomenclature References 13a Mixing and Chemical Reactions 465Gary K. Patterson, Edward L. Paul, Suzanne M. Kresta, and Arthur W. Etchells III 13a-1 Introduction 466 13a-2 Principles of Reactor Design for Mixing-Sensitive Systems 13a-3 Mixing and Transport Effects in Heterogeneous Chemical Reactors 13a-4 Scale-up and Scale-down of Mixing-Sensitive Systems 13a-5 Simulation of Mixing and Chemical Reaction 13a-6 Conclusions Nomenclature References 13b Scale-up Using the Bourne Protocol: Reactive Crystallization and Mixing Example 479Aaron Sarafinas and Cheryl I. Teich 13b-1 Example: Redesigning an Uncontrolled Precipitation to a Reactive Crystallization 479 Goal 479 Issue 479 References 489...