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Traditional scholarship on how ancient civilizations emerged is outmoded and new insights call for revision. According to the well-established paradigm, Mesopotamia is considered the cradle of civilization. Following the cliche of ex oriente lux ("light from the East") all major achievements of humankind spread from the Middle East. Modern archaeology, cultural science and historical linguistics indicate civilizations did not originate from a single prototype. Several models produced divergent patterns of advanced culture, developing both hierarchical and egalitarian societies. This study outlines a panorama of ancient civilizations, including the still little-known Danube civilization, now identified as the oldest advanced culture in Europe. In a comparative view, a new paradigm of research and a new cultural chronology of civilizations in the Old and New Worlds emerges, with climate change shown to be a continual influence on human lifeways.
Traditional scholarship on how ancient civilizations emerged is outmoded and new insights call for revision. According to the well-established paradigm, Mesopotamia is considered the cradle of civilization. Following the cliche of ex oriente lux ("light from the East") all major achievements of humankind spread from the Middle East. Modern archaeology, cultural science and historical linguistics indicate civilizations did not originate from a single prototype. Several models produced divergent patterns of advanced culture, developing both hierarchical and egalitarian societies. This study outlines a panorama of ancient civilizations, including the still little-known Danube civilization, now identified as the oldest advanced culture in Europe. In a comparative view, a new paradigm of research and a new cultural chronology of civilizations in the Old and New Worlds emerges, with climate change shown to be a continual influence on human lifeways.
Über den Autor
German linguist and cultural scientist Harald Haarmann is vice-president of the Institute of Archaeomythology and director of its European branch. He has written more than 50 books in various languages, including numerous studies on cultures and languages. He lives in Finland.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Table of Contents
List of Maps
List of Figures
Introduction: The Organic Whole of Human Existence and the Quality of Life
1.¿The Life Cycle of Cultures: Trajectories of Interaction Between Human Beings and Their Environment
Arbitrators of socio-cultural change: The challenge of changing environmental conditions for adaptive skills¿5
Climate-induced changes in human ecology: The origins of the Black Seä10
Environmental ecology and how human beings adapt to local conditions of existence¿16
The role of older cultural patterns in the formation process of advanced cultures¿18
2.¿Timeline: The Ancient Civilizations in Light of a Differential Model of Cultural Advancement
The Mesopotamian bias and the Greek myth of the German romantics in the early 19th century¿23
The significance of the incubation stage for the emergence of advanced cultures¿26
3.¿Early Achievements: Elementary Innovations as the Driving Force of Progress in Technological Domains
Prototypes of the plough¿39
Pyrotechnology for the production of ceramic ware and prototypes of the potter's wheel¿40
Furnaces and metal-working¿41
The ancient traditions of shipbuilding and seafaring¿44
4.¿The Wheel, the Wagon and the Chariot: Dynamics of Technological Transfer in Antiquity
The significance of the wheel¿49
The impact of steppe people on transport technology and the origins of Indo-European terminology¿49
The input of ancient European technology in the context of collaboration with Indo-European pastoralists¿51
The advent of wheel and wagon in Mesopotamiä52
The chariot: Technological breakthrough in the Eurasian steppes¿52
The absence of the wheel as a practical device in pre-Columbian civilization: A mysterious case of a "missing link"¿55
¿5.¿The Economic Foundations: Trade Routes, Centers and Networks
Trade routes, centers and networks in the commonwealth of Old Europe¿61
The movement of trade goods, technological know-how and ideas between Old Europe and Mesopotamiä66
The early network of Middle Eastern trade routes: Sumerian cities interconnected with Dilmun and the Indus Civilization¿67
Gift exchange to build trust among trading partners and enhance harmony in social relations¿68
Early trading networks in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica: The proliferation of Olmec goods and ideas¿70
¿6.¿Settlement Planning: From Villages to Urban Agglomerations
The model of urbanization evolving from egalitarian villages¿72
The model of urbanization in a milieu of stratified society¿77
¿7.¿Architecture: Houses, Workshops and Temples
Houses and forms of accommodation in agrarian communities¿83
Sacral architecture¿86
Famous temple monuments of antiquity vis-à-vis cultural memory: Between oblivion and iconicity¿90
¿8.¿Social Networking: Models of Community Life, the Fabric of the Common Good
The cumene model of ancient civilization-The archaeological record¿101
The rise of the state model of civilization, associated with social hierarchy and stratified society¿105
Socioeconomic models of ancient civilizations in a comparative view¿107
¿9.¿Religion and Worldview: Anthropomorphic and Zoomorphic Images of the Divine, Sanctuaries and Holy Precincts
Archaic forms of spirituality¿110
From spirit to female divinity¿114
Divinities relating to plant cultivation¿119
The personification of individual divine agents and the origins of monumental statuary¿123
The emergence of divinities in the context of pre-Columbian civilization¿124
Figurines as a lingua franca of ritual life¿124
10.¿Human Activity Between Life and Afterlife: The Intergenerational Chain in Light of Cultural Memory
The world of public entertainment: Did the ancient Greeks invent theater?¿126
Fashion and dress-codes: Between social constraints and individual choice¿130
The place of the dead in cultural memory¿136
Connecting with the ancestors in the world of shamanism¿138
11.¿Specialized Systems for Communication: Writing Numbers
The beginnings of numerical and calendrical notation¿144
Writing numbers in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and South Americä146
Writing numbers in pre-Columbian South Americä147
The interrelation of numerical notation and writing: The special case of the Sumerians¿149
12.¿Specialized Systems for Communication: The Visual Recording of Ideas and Writing Language
Writing technology and its significance for the construction of civilization¿153
Writing systems in the ancient civilizations¿158
Writing systems of the Old World¿159
Writing systems of the New World (pre-Columbian): The Olmec script (ca. 1500-600 bce)¿173
Writing technology as a vehicle of progress¿176
13.¿Intellectual Domains: What Was the Driving Force for Science and How Did Philosophy Originate?
Pre-Socratic philosophers as the first to reflect on cosmology and the natural world¿178
Picking up the threads: The rope model of repetitive continuity of ideas¿184
Philosophy as a tool for rationalizing mythic truths and for organizing community life¿185
14.¿Art and Aesthetics: Artistic Genres in Their Cultural Context
The cultural meaning of sculptures in the Old European, Native American and Mesopotamian context¿190
Classical Greek philosophy and art: Plato's concept of aesthetics¿192
Ancient civilizations as inspirational sources of modern art¿198
Epilogue: Cultural Memory
Bibliography
Index
List of Maps
List of Figures
Introduction: The Organic Whole of Human Existence and the Quality of Life
1.¿The Life Cycle of Cultures: Trajectories of Interaction Between Human Beings and Their Environment
Arbitrators of socio-cultural change: The challenge of changing environmental conditions for adaptive skills¿5
Climate-induced changes in human ecology: The origins of the Black Seä10
Environmental ecology and how human beings adapt to local conditions of existence¿16
The role of older cultural patterns in the formation process of advanced cultures¿18
2.¿Timeline: The Ancient Civilizations in Light of a Differential Model of Cultural Advancement
The Mesopotamian bias and the Greek myth of the German romantics in the early 19th century¿23
The significance of the incubation stage for the emergence of advanced cultures¿26
3.¿Early Achievements: Elementary Innovations as the Driving Force of Progress in Technological Domains
Prototypes of the plough¿39
Pyrotechnology for the production of ceramic ware and prototypes of the potter's wheel¿40
Furnaces and metal-working¿41
The ancient traditions of shipbuilding and seafaring¿44
4.¿The Wheel, the Wagon and the Chariot: Dynamics of Technological Transfer in Antiquity
The significance of the wheel¿49
The impact of steppe people on transport technology and the origins of Indo-European terminology¿49
The input of ancient European technology in the context of collaboration with Indo-European pastoralists¿51
The advent of wheel and wagon in Mesopotamiä52
The chariot: Technological breakthrough in the Eurasian steppes¿52
The absence of the wheel as a practical device in pre-Columbian civilization: A mysterious case of a "missing link"¿55
¿5.¿The Economic Foundations: Trade Routes, Centers and Networks
Trade routes, centers and networks in the commonwealth of Old Europe¿61
The movement of trade goods, technological know-how and ideas between Old Europe and Mesopotamiä66
The early network of Middle Eastern trade routes: Sumerian cities interconnected with Dilmun and the Indus Civilization¿67
Gift exchange to build trust among trading partners and enhance harmony in social relations¿68
Early trading networks in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica: The proliferation of Olmec goods and ideas¿70
¿6.¿Settlement Planning: From Villages to Urban Agglomerations
The model of urbanization evolving from egalitarian villages¿72
The model of urbanization in a milieu of stratified society¿77
¿7.¿Architecture: Houses, Workshops and Temples
Houses and forms of accommodation in agrarian communities¿83
Sacral architecture¿86
Famous temple monuments of antiquity vis-à-vis cultural memory: Between oblivion and iconicity¿90
¿8.¿Social Networking: Models of Community Life, the Fabric of the Common Good
The cumene model of ancient civilization-The archaeological record¿101
The rise of the state model of civilization, associated with social hierarchy and stratified society¿105
Socioeconomic models of ancient civilizations in a comparative view¿107
¿9.¿Religion and Worldview: Anthropomorphic and Zoomorphic Images of the Divine, Sanctuaries and Holy Precincts
Archaic forms of spirituality¿110
From spirit to female divinity¿114
Divinities relating to plant cultivation¿119
The personification of individual divine agents and the origins of monumental statuary¿123
The emergence of divinities in the context of pre-Columbian civilization¿124
Figurines as a lingua franca of ritual life¿124
10.¿Human Activity Between Life and Afterlife: The Intergenerational Chain in Light of Cultural Memory
The world of public entertainment: Did the ancient Greeks invent theater?¿126
Fashion and dress-codes: Between social constraints and individual choice¿130
The place of the dead in cultural memory¿136
Connecting with the ancestors in the world of shamanism¿138
11.¿Specialized Systems for Communication: Writing Numbers
The beginnings of numerical and calendrical notation¿144
Writing numbers in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and South Americä146
Writing numbers in pre-Columbian South Americä147
The interrelation of numerical notation and writing: The special case of the Sumerians¿149
12.¿Specialized Systems for Communication: The Visual Recording of Ideas and Writing Language
Writing technology and its significance for the construction of civilization¿153
Writing systems in the ancient civilizations¿158
Writing systems of the Old World¿159
Writing systems of the New World (pre-Columbian): The Olmec script (ca. 1500-600 bce)¿173
Writing technology as a vehicle of progress¿176
13.¿Intellectual Domains: What Was the Driving Force for Science and How Did Philosophy Originate?
Pre-Socratic philosophers as the first to reflect on cosmology and the natural world¿178
Picking up the threads: The rope model of repetitive continuity of ideas¿184
Philosophy as a tool for rationalizing mythic truths and for organizing community life¿185
14.¿Art and Aesthetics: Artistic Genres in Their Cultural Context
The cultural meaning of sculptures in the Old European, Native American and Mesopotamian context¿190
Classical Greek philosophy and art: Plato's concept of aesthetics¿192
Ancient civilizations as inspirational sources of modern art¿198
Epilogue: Cultural Memory
Bibliography
Index
Details
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2020 |
|---|---|
| Genre: | Geschichte |
| Jahrhundert: | Vor- & Frühgeschichte |
| Rubrik: | Geisteswissenschaften |
| Medium: | Taschenbuch |
| ISBN-13: | 9781476679891 |
| ISBN-10: | 1476679894 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Ausstattung / Beilage: | Paperback |
| Einband: | Kartoniert / Broschiert |
| Autor: | Haarmann, Harald |
| Hersteller: | McFarland |
| Maße: | 254 x 178 x 14 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Harald Haarmann |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 18.09.2020 |
| Gewicht: | 0,471 kg |
Über den Autor
German linguist and cultural scientist Harald Haarmann is vice-president of the Institute of Archaeomythology and director of its European branch. He has written more than 50 books in various languages, including numerous studies on cultures and languages. He lives in Finland.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Table of Contents
List of Maps
List of Figures
Introduction: The Organic Whole of Human Existence and the Quality of Life
1.¿The Life Cycle of Cultures: Trajectories of Interaction Between Human Beings and Their Environment
Arbitrators of socio-cultural change: The challenge of changing environmental conditions for adaptive skills¿5
Climate-induced changes in human ecology: The origins of the Black Seä10
Environmental ecology and how human beings adapt to local conditions of existence¿16
The role of older cultural patterns in the formation process of advanced cultures¿18
2.¿Timeline: The Ancient Civilizations in Light of a Differential Model of Cultural Advancement
The Mesopotamian bias and the Greek myth of the German romantics in the early 19th century¿23
The significance of the incubation stage for the emergence of advanced cultures¿26
3.¿Early Achievements: Elementary Innovations as the Driving Force of Progress in Technological Domains
Prototypes of the plough¿39
Pyrotechnology for the production of ceramic ware and prototypes of the potter's wheel¿40
Furnaces and metal-working¿41
The ancient traditions of shipbuilding and seafaring¿44
4.¿The Wheel, the Wagon and the Chariot: Dynamics of Technological Transfer in Antiquity
The significance of the wheel¿49
The impact of steppe people on transport technology and the origins of Indo-European terminology¿49
The input of ancient European technology in the context of collaboration with Indo-European pastoralists¿51
The advent of wheel and wagon in Mesopotamiä52
The chariot: Technological breakthrough in the Eurasian steppes¿52
The absence of the wheel as a practical device in pre-Columbian civilization: A mysterious case of a "missing link"¿55
¿5.¿The Economic Foundations: Trade Routes, Centers and Networks
Trade routes, centers and networks in the commonwealth of Old Europe¿61
The movement of trade goods, technological know-how and ideas between Old Europe and Mesopotamiä66
The early network of Middle Eastern trade routes: Sumerian cities interconnected with Dilmun and the Indus Civilization¿67
Gift exchange to build trust among trading partners and enhance harmony in social relations¿68
Early trading networks in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica: The proliferation of Olmec goods and ideas¿70
¿6.¿Settlement Planning: From Villages to Urban Agglomerations
The model of urbanization evolving from egalitarian villages¿72
The model of urbanization in a milieu of stratified society¿77
¿7.¿Architecture: Houses, Workshops and Temples
Houses and forms of accommodation in agrarian communities¿83
Sacral architecture¿86
Famous temple monuments of antiquity vis-à-vis cultural memory: Between oblivion and iconicity¿90
¿8.¿Social Networking: Models of Community Life, the Fabric of the Common Good
The cumene model of ancient civilization-The archaeological record¿101
The rise of the state model of civilization, associated with social hierarchy and stratified society¿105
Socioeconomic models of ancient civilizations in a comparative view¿107
¿9.¿Religion and Worldview: Anthropomorphic and Zoomorphic Images of the Divine, Sanctuaries and Holy Precincts
Archaic forms of spirituality¿110
From spirit to female divinity¿114
Divinities relating to plant cultivation¿119
The personification of individual divine agents and the origins of monumental statuary¿123
The emergence of divinities in the context of pre-Columbian civilization¿124
Figurines as a lingua franca of ritual life¿124
10.¿Human Activity Between Life and Afterlife: The Intergenerational Chain in Light of Cultural Memory
The world of public entertainment: Did the ancient Greeks invent theater?¿126
Fashion and dress-codes: Between social constraints and individual choice¿130
The place of the dead in cultural memory¿136
Connecting with the ancestors in the world of shamanism¿138
11.¿Specialized Systems for Communication: Writing Numbers
The beginnings of numerical and calendrical notation¿144
Writing numbers in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and South Americä146
Writing numbers in pre-Columbian South Americä147
The interrelation of numerical notation and writing: The special case of the Sumerians¿149
12.¿Specialized Systems for Communication: The Visual Recording of Ideas and Writing Language
Writing technology and its significance for the construction of civilization¿153
Writing systems in the ancient civilizations¿158
Writing systems of the Old World¿159
Writing systems of the New World (pre-Columbian): The Olmec script (ca. 1500-600 bce)¿173
Writing technology as a vehicle of progress¿176
13.¿Intellectual Domains: What Was the Driving Force for Science and How Did Philosophy Originate?
Pre-Socratic philosophers as the first to reflect on cosmology and the natural world¿178
Picking up the threads: The rope model of repetitive continuity of ideas¿184
Philosophy as a tool for rationalizing mythic truths and for organizing community life¿185
14.¿Art and Aesthetics: Artistic Genres in Their Cultural Context
The cultural meaning of sculptures in the Old European, Native American and Mesopotamian context¿190
Classical Greek philosophy and art: Plato's concept of aesthetics¿192
Ancient civilizations as inspirational sources of modern art¿198
Epilogue: Cultural Memory
Bibliography
Index
List of Maps
List of Figures
Introduction: The Organic Whole of Human Existence and the Quality of Life
1.¿The Life Cycle of Cultures: Trajectories of Interaction Between Human Beings and Their Environment
Arbitrators of socio-cultural change: The challenge of changing environmental conditions for adaptive skills¿5
Climate-induced changes in human ecology: The origins of the Black Seä10
Environmental ecology and how human beings adapt to local conditions of existence¿16
The role of older cultural patterns in the formation process of advanced cultures¿18
2.¿Timeline: The Ancient Civilizations in Light of a Differential Model of Cultural Advancement
The Mesopotamian bias and the Greek myth of the German romantics in the early 19th century¿23
The significance of the incubation stage for the emergence of advanced cultures¿26
3.¿Early Achievements: Elementary Innovations as the Driving Force of Progress in Technological Domains
Prototypes of the plough¿39
Pyrotechnology for the production of ceramic ware and prototypes of the potter's wheel¿40
Furnaces and metal-working¿41
The ancient traditions of shipbuilding and seafaring¿44
4.¿The Wheel, the Wagon and the Chariot: Dynamics of Technological Transfer in Antiquity
The significance of the wheel¿49
The impact of steppe people on transport technology and the origins of Indo-European terminology¿49
The input of ancient European technology in the context of collaboration with Indo-European pastoralists¿51
The advent of wheel and wagon in Mesopotamiä52
The chariot: Technological breakthrough in the Eurasian steppes¿52
The absence of the wheel as a practical device in pre-Columbian civilization: A mysterious case of a "missing link"¿55
¿5.¿The Economic Foundations: Trade Routes, Centers and Networks
Trade routes, centers and networks in the commonwealth of Old Europe¿61
The movement of trade goods, technological know-how and ideas between Old Europe and Mesopotamiä66
The early network of Middle Eastern trade routes: Sumerian cities interconnected with Dilmun and the Indus Civilization¿67
Gift exchange to build trust among trading partners and enhance harmony in social relations¿68
Early trading networks in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica: The proliferation of Olmec goods and ideas¿70
¿6.¿Settlement Planning: From Villages to Urban Agglomerations
The model of urbanization evolving from egalitarian villages¿72
The model of urbanization in a milieu of stratified society¿77
¿7.¿Architecture: Houses, Workshops and Temples
Houses and forms of accommodation in agrarian communities¿83
Sacral architecture¿86
Famous temple monuments of antiquity vis-à-vis cultural memory: Between oblivion and iconicity¿90
¿8.¿Social Networking: Models of Community Life, the Fabric of the Common Good
The cumene model of ancient civilization-The archaeological record¿101
The rise of the state model of civilization, associated with social hierarchy and stratified society¿105
Socioeconomic models of ancient civilizations in a comparative view¿107
¿9.¿Religion and Worldview: Anthropomorphic and Zoomorphic Images of the Divine, Sanctuaries and Holy Precincts
Archaic forms of spirituality¿110
From spirit to female divinity¿114
Divinities relating to plant cultivation¿119
The personification of individual divine agents and the origins of monumental statuary¿123
The emergence of divinities in the context of pre-Columbian civilization¿124
Figurines as a lingua franca of ritual life¿124
10.¿Human Activity Between Life and Afterlife: The Intergenerational Chain in Light of Cultural Memory
The world of public entertainment: Did the ancient Greeks invent theater?¿126
Fashion and dress-codes: Between social constraints and individual choice¿130
The place of the dead in cultural memory¿136
Connecting with the ancestors in the world of shamanism¿138
11.¿Specialized Systems for Communication: Writing Numbers
The beginnings of numerical and calendrical notation¿144
Writing numbers in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and South Americä146
Writing numbers in pre-Columbian South Americä147
The interrelation of numerical notation and writing: The special case of the Sumerians¿149
12.¿Specialized Systems for Communication: The Visual Recording of Ideas and Writing Language
Writing technology and its significance for the construction of civilization¿153
Writing systems in the ancient civilizations¿158
Writing systems of the Old World¿159
Writing systems of the New World (pre-Columbian): The Olmec script (ca. 1500-600 bce)¿173
Writing technology as a vehicle of progress¿176
13.¿Intellectual Domains: What Was the Driving Force for Science and How Did Philosophy Originate?
Pre-Socratic philosophers as the first to reflect on cosmology and the natural world¿178
Picking up the threads: The rope model of repetitive continuity of ideas¿184
Philosophy as a tool for rationalizing mythic truths and for organizing community life¿185
14.¿Art and Aesthetics: Artistic Genres in Their Cultural Context
The cultural meaning of sculptures in the Old European, Native American and Mesopotamian context¿190
Classical Greek philosophy and art: Plato's concept of aesthetics¿192
Ancient civilizations as inspirational sources of modern art¿198
Epilogue: Cultural Memory
Bibliography
Index
Details
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2020 |
|---|---|
| Genre: | Geschichte |
| Jahrhundert: | Vor- & Frühgeschichte |
| Rubrik: | Geisteswissenschaften |
| Medium: | Taschenbuch |
| ISBN-13: | 9781476679891 |
| ISBN-10: | 1476679894 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Ausstattung / Beilage: | Paperback |
| Einband: | Kartoniert / Broschiert |
| Autor: | Haarmann, Harald |
| Hersteller: | McFarland |
| Maße: | 254 x 178 x 14 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Harald Haarmann |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 18.09.2020 |
| Gewicht: | 0,471 kg |
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