Raquel Varela is a Portuguese labour historian, researcher, and professor at New University of Lisbon, and Honorary Fellow at the International Institute for Social History. She is President of the Observatory of Labour and Living Conditions and a member of the executive board of the International Association of Strikes and Social Conflicts and co-editor of its journal. She is the author of A People's History of the Portuguese Revolution, A People's History of Europe, and the graphic novel Utopia, with Robson Villalba.

Foreword by Michael Roberts

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

Introduction

1. Portugal's Modern Social Classes from Above and from Below, 1807-1834

2. 'Organize, Organize, Organize': The 1836 Revolution and the Strikes, 1836-1871

3. 'No More Obligations without Rights': The Confrontation between Bourgeoisie and Workers, 1871-1890

4. The Genesis of Modern Politics in Portugal, 1900-1926

5. From the Military Dictatorship to Estado Novo, 1926-1939

6. The Second World War and the Post-War Golden Age, 1939-1974

7. When the Impossible Becomes Inevitable, 1974-1975

8. Is Europe Really 'With Us'? From Constitution to Austerity, 1976-2020

Afterword: Mapping Transformation by Gordon Lafer

Notes

Index