Joel D. Irish is Professor of Bioarchaeology in the Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, at Liverpool John Moores University, UK, and Professor Emeritus in the Anthropology Department at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. His research focuses on dental nonmetric and odontometric variation to estimate biological affinity in recent humans and fossil hominins.

G. Richard Scott is Foundation Professor of Anthropology at the University of Nevada Reno, and Professor Emeritus at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, where he taught for 24 years. He has published widely on issues relating to tooth crown and root morphology and biological affinity.

Notes on Contributors viii

Foreword xv

Acknowledgments xviii

Part I Context 1

1 Introduction to Dental Anthropology 3
Joel D. Irish and G. Richard Scott

2 A Brief History of Dental Anthropology 7
G. Richard Scott

Part II Dental Evolution 19

3 Origins and Functions of Teeth: From "Toothed" Worms to Mammals 21
Peter S. Ungar

4 The Teeth of Prosimians, Monkeys, and Apes 37
Frank P. Cuozzo

5 The Hominins 1: Australopithecines and Their Ancestors 52
Lucas K. Delezene

6 The Hominins 2: The Genus Homo 67
Maria Martinon-Torres and Jose Maria Bermudez de Castro

Part III The Human Dentition 85

7 Terms and Terminology Used in Dental Anthropology 87
Joel D. Irish

8 Anatomy of Individual Teeth and Tooth Classes 94
Loren R. Lease

9 The Masticatory System and Its Function 108
Peter W. Lucas

Part IV Dental Growth and Development 121

10 An Overview of Dental Genetics 123
Toby Hughes, Grant Townsend, and Michelle Bockmann

11 Odontogenesis 142
Edward F. Harris

12 Tooth Eruption and Timing 159
Helen M. Liversidge

13 Tooth Classes, Field Concepts, and Symmetry 172
Grant Townsend, Alan Brook, Robin Yong, and Toby Hughes

Part V Dental Histology from the Inside Out 189

14 The Pulp Cavity and Its Contents 191
Scott S. Legge and Anna M. Hardin

15 Dentine and Cementum Structure and Properties 204
Nancy Tang, Adeline Le Cabec, and Daniel Antoine

16 Enamel Structure and Properties 223
Daniel Antoine and Simon Hillson

Part VI Dental Morphometric Variation in Populations 245

17 Identifying and Recording Key Morphological (Nonmetric) Crown and Root Traits 247
G. Richard Scott, Christopher Maier and Kelly Heim

18 Assessing Dental Nonmetric Variation among Populations 265
Joel D. Irish

19 Measurement of Tooth Size (Odontometrics) 287
Brian E. Hemphill

20 Assessing Odontometric Variation among Populations 311
Brian E. Hemphill

Part VII Dental Morphometric Variation in Individuals 337

21 Forensic Odontology 339
Heather J.H. Edgar and Anna L.M. Rautman

22 Estimating Age, Sex, and Individual ID from Teeth 362
Christopher W. Schmidt

23 Indicators of Idiosyncratic Behavior in the Dentition 377
Christopher M. Stojanowski, Kent M. Johnson, Kathleen S. Paul, and Charisse L. Carver

24 Dentition, Behavior, and Diet Determination 396
Kristin L. Krueger

Part VIII Dental Health and Disease 413

25 Crown Wear: Identification and Categorization 415
Scott E. Burnett

26 Caries: The Ancient Scourge 433
Daniel H. Temple

27 Dental Stress Indicators from Micro- to Macroscopic 450
Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg

28 A Host of Other Dental Diseases and Disorders 465
Greg C. Nelson

Part IX The Future of Dental Anthropology 485

29 New Directions in Dental Development Research 487
John P. Hunter and Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg

30 Chemical and Isotopic Analyses of Dental Tissues 499
Louise T. Humphrey

31 Non-Invasive Imaging Techniques 514
Jose Braga

Index 528