Harri Holma has edited eight books about 3G, 4G and 5G technologies with Antti Toskala since 2001. Dr. Holma is currently working with Nokia Technology Office with a main interest in radio systems and mobile technologies.

Antti Toskala joined the Nokia Research Center in 1994. He was working with WCDMA/HSPA standardization, including chairing 3GPP RAN WG1. After 3G he has worked with LTE/LTE-Advanced and 5G/5G-Advanced standards activities and he is currently heading Nokia 3GPP TSG RAN activity, with his main interest on 5G-Advanced towards 6G.

Takehiro Nakamura joined NTT Laboratories in 1990. He has been engaged in the standardization activities for the WCDMA, HSPA, LTE/LTE-Advanced and 5G at ARIB in Japan since 1997.

About the Editors xxi List of Contributors xxiii Foreword xxv Preface xxvii Acknowledgment xxix 1 Introduction 1Harri Holma, Antti Toskala, Takehiro Nakamura, and Tommi Uitto 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 5G Targets 3 1.3 5G Technology Components 3 1.4 5G Spectrum 4 1.5 5G Capabilities 6 1.6 5G Capacity Boost 7 1.7 5G Standardization and Schedule 8 1.8 5G Use Cases 9 1.9 Evolution Path from LTE to 5G 10 1.10 5G-Advanced 10 1.11 Summary 11 2 5G Targets and Standardization 13Hiroyuki Atarashi, Mikio Iwamura, Satoshi Nagata, Takehiro Nakamura, and Antti Toskala 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Itu 13 2.3 Ngmn 17 2.4 3GPP Schedule and Phasing 22 2.5 Evolution Towards 5G-Advanced and 6G 25 3 Technology Components 27Harri Holma 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Spectrum Utilization 27 3.3 Beamforming 31 3.4 Flexible Physical Layer and Protocols 33 3.5 Network Slicing 44 3.6 Dual Connectivity with LTE 44 3.7 Radio Cloud and Edge Computing 46 3.8 Summary 47 4 Spectrum 49Harri Holma and Takehiro Nakamura 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Millimeter Wave Spectrum Above 20 GHz 52 4.3 Mid-Band Spectrum at 3.3-5.0 GHz and at 2.6 GHz 55 4.4 Low-Band Spectrum Below 3 GHz 58 4.5 Unlicensed Band 59 4.6 Shared Band 62 4.7 3GPP Frequency Variants 64 4.8 Summary 64 5 5GArchitecture 67Antti Toskala and Miikka Poikselkä 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 5G Architecture Options 67 5.3 5G Core Network Architecture 70 5.4 5G RAN Architecture 75 5.5 Network Slicing 81 5.6 Summary 85 6 5G Physical Layer 87Mihai Enescu, Keeth Jayasinghe, Karri Ranta-Aho, Karol Schober, and Antti Toskala 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 5G Multiple Access Principle 88 6.3 Physical Channels and Signals 92 6.4 Basic Structures for 5G Frame Structure 95 6.5 5G Channel Structures and Beamforming Basics 98 6.6 Random Access 100 6.7 Downlink User Data Transmission 101 6.8 Uplink User Data Transmission 103 6.9 Uplink Signaling Transmission 105 6.10 Downlink Signaling Transmission 108 6.11 Physical Layer Procedures 111 6.12 5G MIMO and Beamforming Operation 113 6.13 Channel Coding with 5G 133 6.14 Dual Connectivity 142 6.15 5G Data Rates 144 6.16 Physical Layer Measurements 145 6.17 UE Capability 146 6.18 Summary 147 7 5G Radio Protocols 149Tero Henttonen, Jarkko Koskela, Benoist Sébire, and Antti Toskala 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 5G Radio Protocol Layers 150 7.3 Sdap 151 7.4 Pdcp 156 7.5 Rlc 160 7.6 MAC Layer 162 7.7 The RRC Protocol 168 7.8 Radio Protocols in RAN Architecture 185 7.9 Summary 185 8 Deployment Aspects 187Harri Holma, Riku Luostari, Jussi Reunanen, and Puripong Thepchatri 8.1 Introduction 187 8.2 Spectrum Resources 188 8.3 Network Density 190 8.4 Mobile Data Traffic Growth 190 8.5 Base Station Site Solutions 192 8.6 Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Considerations 194 8.7 Network Synchronization and Coordination Requirements 195 8.8 5G Overlay with Another Vendor LTE 209 8.9 Summary 210 9 Transport 213Esa Markus Metsälä and Juha Salmelin 9.1 5G Transport Network 213 9.2 Capacity and Latency 219 9.3 Technologies 225 9.4 Fronthaul and Backhaul Interfaces 228 9.5 Specific Topics 232 10 5G Performance 239Harri Holma, Suresh Kalyanasundaram, and Venkat Venkatesan 10.1 Introduction 239 10.2 Peak Data Rates 241 10.3 Practical Data Rates 243 10.4 Latency 247 10.5 Link Budgets 257 10.6 Coverage for Sub-6-GHz Band 262 10.7 Massive MIMO and Beamforming Algorithms 269 10.8 Packet Scheduling Algorithms 280 10.9 Spectral Efficiency and Capacity 286 10.10 Network Energy Efficiency 291 10.11 Traffic and Device Density 294 10.12 Ultra-Reliability for Mission-Critical Communication 296 10.13 Mobility and High-Speed Trains 299 10.14 Summary 302 11 Measurements 305Yoshihisa Kishiyama and Tetsuro Imai 11.1 Introduction 305 11.2 Propagation Measurements Above 6 GHz 306 11.3 Field Experiments with Sub-6-GHz 5G Radio 326 11.4 Field Experiments of Millimeter Wave 5G Radio 332 11.5 Summary 344 12 5G RF Design Challenges 349Petri Vasenkari, Dominique Brunel, and Laurent Noël 12.1 Introduction 349 12.2 Impact of New Physical Layer on RF Performance 350 12.3 5G Standalone Performance Aspects in Frequency Range 1 363 12.4 5G Standalone Performance Aspects in mmWave Frequency Range 2 373 12.5 Dual Uplink Performance Challenges for NSA Operation 381 12.6 Examples of UE Implementation Challenges 392 12.7 Summary 396 13 5G Modem Design Challenges 399YihShen Chen, Jiann-Ching Guey, Chienhwa Hwang, PeiKai Liao, Guillaume Sébire, Weide Wu, and Weidong Yang 13.1 Introduction 399 13.2 High Data Rate, System Flexibility, and Computational Complexity 401 13.3 Low Latency, Flexible Timing, and Modem Control Flow Complexity 406 13.4 Multi-RAT Coexistence and Modem Architecture 413 13.5 Wider Bandwidth Operation and Modem Power Consumption 419 13.6 Summary 428 14 Internet of Things Optimization 431Harri Holma, Rapeepat Ratasuk, and Mads Lauridsen 14.1 Introduction 431 14.2 IoT Optimization in LTE Radio 433 14.3 Lte-m 436 14.4 Narrowband-IoT 439 14.5 IoT Optimization in LTE Core Network 442 14.6 Coverage 443 14.7 Delay and Capacity 444 14.8 Power Saving Features 446 14.9 NB-IoT Power Consumption Measurements 448 14.10 IoT Solution Benchmarking 449 14.11 IoT Optimizations in 5G 451 14.12 Summary 458 15 LTE-Advanced Evolution 461Harri Holma and Timo Lunttila 15.1 Introduction 461 15.2 Overview of LTE Evolution 462 15.3 LTE-Advanced Pro Technologies 465 15.4 5G and LTE Benchmarking 478 15.5 Summary 482 16 5G-Advanced Overview 485Antti Toskala and Harri Holma 16.1 Introduction 485 16.2 3GPP Schedule 486 16.3 5G-Advanced Key Areas 486 16.4 Extended and Augmented Reality 488 16.5 Superaccurate Positioning 490 16.6 Radio Performance Boosters 491 16.7 New Vertical Use Cases 493 16.8 Resilient Timing 494 16.9 Network Automation and Energy Efficiency 495 16.10 RedCap/NR-Light for IoT 495 16.11 Outlook For 5G Release 19 496 16.12 Outlook For 6G 497 16.13 Summary 502 17 Radio Enhancements in Release 16-18 505Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 17.1 Introduction 505 17.2 Coverage Enhancements 505 17.3 MIMO Enhancements 508 17.4 Mobility 510 17.5 UE Power Saving 511 17.6 AI/ML for Air Interface and NG-RAN 513 17.7 Integrated Access and Backhaul 515 17.8 Dual Connectivity and Carrier Aggregation Enhancements 517 17.9 Small Data Transmission 518 17.10 Conclusion 519 18 Industrial Internet of Things 521Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 18.1 Introduction 521 18.2 Reduced Capability (RedCap) Devices 522 18.3 RedCap Device Complexity 523 18.4 RedCap Device Power Consumption 525 18.5 RedCap Benchmarking with LTE-Based IoT 526 18.6 New Spectrum Options 527 18.7 Ultra-reliable Low Latency Communication 528 18.8 Low Latency Communication 530 18.9 Ultra-Reliable Communication 537 18.10 Time Sensitive Network 540 18.11 LAN Service 541 18.12 Positioning Solutions 542 18.13 Non-Public Networks 543 18.14 Summary 544 19 Verticals 547Antti Toskala and Harri Holma 19.1 Introduction 547 19.2 Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) 547 19.3 High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) 550 19.4 Drones 551 19.5 Vehicle Connectivity 552 19.6 Public Safety 553 19.7 Dedicated Networks with less than 5 MHz of Spectrum 554 19.8 Unlicensed 555 19.9 Summary 556 20 Open RAN and Virtualized RAN 559Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 20.1 Introduction 559 20.2 Radio Network Architecture Trends 560 20.3 Open RAN Fronthaul 561 20.4 Uplink Capacity Optimization 565 20.5 O-RAN Alliance 566 20.6 O-RAN Fronthaul 566 20.7 Open Test and Integration Center and PlugFests 568 20.8 O-RAN Security and Orchestration 569 20.9 Baseband Virtualization and Cloud Ran 569 20.10 Baseband Virtualization and Centralization 570 20.11 Far Edge Availability and Network Topology 571 20.12 Fiber and Optics Availability 573 20.13 Baseband Hardware Efficiency 574 20.14 Virtual RAN Evolution 575 20.15 RAN Intelligent Controller 575 20.16 Summary 577 21 Machine Learning for 5G System Optimization 579Riku Luostari, Petteri Kela, Mikko Honkala, Dani Korpi, Janne Huttunen, and Harri Holma 21.1 Introduction 580 21.2 Motivation 580 21.3 Model Training and Inference in Wireless Systems 581 21.4 Machine Learning Categories 582 21.5 Key Algorithm Techniques 583 21.6 Machine Learning for 5G Wireless Systems 584 21.7 Channel State Information (CSI) Improvement and Channel Prediction 586 21.8 Deep Neural Network-Based Receivers and DeepRx 587 21.9 Pilotless OFDM 590 21.10 Massive MIMO, Beamforming, and DeepTx 591 21.11 Beam Tracking for mmWaves 593 21.12 Channel Coding 593 21.13 MAC Scheduler and Radio Resource Management 594 21.14 Learned Communication Protocols 601 21.15 Network Planning and Optimization 602 21.16 Network Operations 604 21.17 Network Security 604 21.18 Positioning 605 21.19 Challenges 606 21.20 Scalability 606 21.21 Uncertainty 606 21.22 Time Criticality and Computational Requirements 606 21.23 Standardization and Specifications Impact 607 21.24 Summary 608 References 609 Index 613